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　　書(shū)中對(duì)國(guó)家需求和技術(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)下的學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展進(jìn)行了研究。研究結(jié)果顯示，國(guó)家需求驅(qū)動(dòng)在國(guó)家層面建立系統(tǒng)的資助制度、國(guó)家直接驅(qū)動(dòng)、通過(guò)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新體系推動(dòng)市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向科學(xué)研發(fā)的三個(gè)層面促進(jìn)了科學(xué)前沿的演進(jìn)。書(shū)中根據(jù)以上三個(gè)層面分別介紹了現(xiàn)有的學(xué)科框架、同行評(píng)議以及鞏固與革新學(xué)科的雙重作用，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室的相關(guān)情況，超越傳統(tǒng)學(xué)科框架的企業(yè)設(shè)立研發(fā)部門(mén)及研發(fā)型企業(yè)等方面的詳細(xì)情況。

　　在學(xué)科前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，技術(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)因素產(chǎn)生的帶動(dòng)作用是不容忽視的，并且在技術(shù)進(jìn)步的廣泛帶動(dòng)下，實(shí)質(zhì)性地促進(jìn)了學(xué)科融合交叉，推進(jìn)了學(xué)科前沿的研究，同時(shí)衍生了更多新的學(xué)科生長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。研究通過(guò)納米技術(shù)與“納米+”效應(yīng)、人工智能技術(shù)、大科學(xué)裝置、生物技術(shù)與生物安全從微觀、中觀和宏觀三個(gè)層面對(duì)技術(shù)驅(qū)動(dòng)與學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的演進(jìn)進(jìn)行了分析。

　　（三）世界科學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)呈現(xiàn)出與以往明顯不同的變化趨勢(shì)

　　書(shū)中分析了當(dāng)前科學(xué)組織化、學(xué)科融合、科學(xué)研究的方法、科學(xué)的開(kāi)放性、科學(xué)的社會(huì)影響等變化，給出了當(dāng)前學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域研究的趨勢(shì)。

　　當(dāng)前，科學(xué)研究本身、科學(xué)建制及政策和研究文化都處于發(fā)展變化中。日趨激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和對(duì)科學(xué)不斷增加的期望正推動(dòng)大學(xué)、科研機(jī)構(gòu)、資助機(jī)構(gòu)和出版商的角色、職能及互動(dòng)關(guān)系發(fā)生了變化，形成了新的科學(xué)知識(shí)生產(chǎn)的利益格局，改變了科學(xué)生產(chǎn)與科學(xué)知識(shí)應(yīng)用之間，科學(xué)、技術(shù)與創(chuàng)新之間的關(guān)系。

　　在學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)中，研究表明當(dāng)前學(xué)科的組織化越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，科學(xué)被整合到不同層級(jí)的組織范疇中；重大使命任務(wù)引導(dǎo)新的學(xué)科融合，學(xué)科發(fā)展日益匯聚融通；超越還原論的研究視角影響日趨擴(kuò)大，計(jì)算機(jī)模擬和數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)發(fā)揮越來(lái)越大的作用；“互聯(lián)網(wǎng) +”正在改變科學(xué)交流生態(tài)，開(kāi)放科學(xué)重塑科學(xué)的邊界；新興技術(shù)帶來(lái)了重要的倫理問(wèn)題，可信任性成了科學(xué)技術(shù)治理的重要內(nèi)涵。

　　（四）在建設(shè)世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)中，我國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展演進(jìn)需要綜合研判重大科學(xué)技術(shù)問(wèn)題和國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略需求，并通過(guò)體制機(jī)制改善進(jìn)一步提升前沿領(lǐng)域科技治理能力

　　書(shū)中對(duì)我國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)狀與問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了剖析，對(duì)新時(shí)代科技發(fā)展面臨的形勢(shì)與我國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域方向做出了研判，并給出了相應(yīng)的政策建議。

　　本書(shū)從技術(shù)科學(xué)問(wèn)題驅(qū)動(dòng)和國(guó)家需求驅(qū)動(dòng)兩個(gè)方面分析了我國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素，其中，在技術(shù)和科學(xué)問(wèn)題驅(qū)動(dòng)中，本書(shū)對(duì)重大科學(xué)問(wèn)題需要、攻克戰(zhàn)略共性技術(shù)需要兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了研究。在國(guó)家需求驅(qū)動(dòng)中，本書(shū)從氣候變暖、人口老齡化與高齡化、健康的危與機(jī)、萬(wàn)物互聯(lián)與智能化、能源需求、國(guó)家安全六個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了深入的剖析。在總結(jié)學(xué)科發(fā)展總體情況的基礎(chǔ)上，本書(shū)對(duì)當(dāng)前我國(guó)學(xué)科發(fā)展面臨的問(wèn)題做出了研判。本書(shū)研究認(rèn)為，在學(xué)科設(shè)置方面，我國(guó)存在著學(xué)科門(mén)類(lèi)劃分過(guò)細(xì)、學(xué)科的綜合性和交叉性不足、交叉學(xué)科體系劃分起步晚、學(xué)科發(fā)展不均衡等問(wèn)題；在人才隊(duì)伍方面，我國(guó)研發(fā)人員人數(shù)占比偏低、人才競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力有待加強(qiáng)、學(xué)科交叉型人才缺乏；在自主設(shè)施平臺(tái)方面，我國(guó)在中高端儀器設(shè)施、科研信息數(shù)據(jù)、科研試劑等領(lǐng)域有待加強(qiáng)；在體制機(jī)制中，我國(guó)的評(píng)估機(jī)制、資助機(jī)制、科研成果轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)制、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)機(jī)制等有待完善。

　　在建設(shè)世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)的形勢(shì)下，本書(shū)研究分析了開(kāi)放創(chuàng)新與國(guó)際合作對(duì)我國(guó)的科技發(fā)展的重要意義及其呈現(xiàn)的新內(nèi)涵和新要求。本書(shū)研究綜合科學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)報(bào)告（《2020 研究前沿》《全球工程前沿》）、相關(guān)技術(shù)趨勢(shì)報(bào)告（Gartner 發(fā)布的《重要技術(shù)趨勢(shì)》報(bào)告、《麻省理工科技評(píng)論》等）、專(zhuān)家訪談與問(wèn)卷調(diào)研等方式，并結(jié)合《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和 2035 年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要》及中長(zhǎng)期科技規(guī)劃，考慮基礎(chǔ)前沿與核心技術(shù)發(fā)展需要，初步提出我國(guó)學(xué)科與前沿發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵核心領(lǐng)域?；谖磥?lái)的發(fā)展形勢(shì)及我國(guó)的發(fā)展重點(diǎn)，研究從四個(gè)方面給出了政策建議：①政策精準(zhǔn)發(fā)力，消除機(jī)制障礙；②重視基礎(chǔ)研究，優(yōu)化學(xué)科體系；③創(chuàng)新人才機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化智力支撐；④深化學(xué)科協(xié)同創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)建設(shè)。

Abstract

　　For much of the time after its genesis, modern science was primarily a spontaneous, interest-based activity. And since the beginning of World War , the understanding and awareness of science as a vital national resource gradually spread among scientists, politicians,entrepreneurs, and the public. During World War , the role of science became more prominent, and science-based technologies such as radar, airplanes, and atomic bombs had a profound impact on the course of the war, and the role of science was fully reflected in the wartime environment. This led to the realization that science is not only significant in winning the war, but will also play a key role in the competition thereafter between nations. In 1945, Vannevar Bush clearly stated in his report Science: The Endless Frontier that “Scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to government”. The report profoundly influenced the formulation of science and technology policies in the United States, and around the world.

　　At present, a new round of technological revolution is rapidly developing and will profoundly change the development pattern of the world and greatly promote economic and social progress. Against the backdrop of increasingly fierce global competition, governments are constantly adjusting and improving their strategies and policies for science and technology innovation, increasing investment in scienceand technology, strengthening R&D in key areas, and actively fostering new strategic industries to ensure a favorable position in international competition. At present, China is at the intersection of the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy and a new round of scientific and technological revolution, and the development of science and technology in China is facing a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity as well as serious challenges. The Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasizes that “We must regard science and technology as our primary productive force, talent as our primary resource, and innovation as our primary driver of growth. We will fully implement the strategy for invigorating China through science and education, the workforce development strategy, and the innovationdriven development strategy. We will open up new areas and new arenas in development and steadily foster new growth drivers and new strengths”.

　　In 2019, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly launched the program “Strategic Research on the Development of Science Disciplines and Frontier Fields for China (2021—2035)”, which contains a total of 38 sub-projects. Among them, the general introduction is a synthesis or summary of the series of books, divided into two parts. The first part covers the historical evolution and development of science disciplines, the characteristics of their development driven by national and technological needs and their relevance to the society, the overall situation of the future development of science in the world, and the current situation and future developing trends of science disciplines and frontiers in China. The second part is a summary based on the results given by this series of books. Here we propose the following conclusions as a result from a review of the general introduction.

　　1. The continuous differentiation and integration of disciplines have been driven by a confluence of momenta, fuelled not only by the endogenous logic of disciplinary development themselves, but also by the external impetus given by the broader society. The two sources of drivers are in an interactive relationship

　　From a perspective of science and technology history, the book examines the development of science disciplines in China, examining its evolution from the classification of natural knowledge to the establishment of a modern system of science. Meanwhile, it gives an analysis of the driving forces behind the disciplinary development in modern science.

　　In the process of continuous differentiation and integration of disciplines, the recent understanding of knowledge has gradually become pragmatic, with intellectual developments within disciplines and new research methods being the main drivers of disciplinary development. The emergence of sub-disciplinary academic communities has provided for the steady development of disciplines; and the external social and cultural demands have given a strong impetus to the development of science.

　　When combing through the studies on the disciplinary evolution of science in China, it can be seen that the development of the various disciplines of modern science and technology has undergone a long and bumpy journey. Ancient China had its own unique system for knowledge classification, interspersed with all kinds of natural knowledge. The late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty witnessed the first wave of introduction of European scientific and technological knowledge into China on a large scale. After the Opium Wars, modern science, which started to take shape in the West, was introduced to China in a more systematic way. At the time, the modernization of China’s disciplinary system began to advance hand in hand with the modernization of the country. The study details the gradual establishment of the systems of modern universities and scientific research institutes in China, and the leapfrogging of the various disciplines of modern science and technology in China after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, as a byproduct of the exploration and establishment of a disciplinary system in the country.

　　2. National needs and technological development are the two major drivers for the current disciplinary research as well as the explorations on the frontier areas

　　The book examines the advancement of science disciplines and frontier areas driven by national demands and technological development. It argues that national demands drive the evolution of scientific frontiers via three devices: the establishment of a systematic funding system at the national level, direct incentives, and the promotion of market-oriented scientific R&D through the national innovation system. Respectively focusing on the above-mentioned three devices, the book examines the dual role of the existing disciplinary framework and the peer review system in the consolidation of innovative disciplines, the current situation of national laboratories affiliated to different governmental sectors, and the establishment of R&D departments in companies and R&D-based enterprises that go beyond the traditional disciplinary framework.

　　In the development of disciplinary frontiers, the driving role played by technological drivers cannot be ignored. The extensive technological advancement has driven the disciplinary convergence and integration, promoted the advanced research at the disciplinary frontiers, and given rise to more new disciplinary growth points. The study analyzes the relationship between the technological drivers and the evolution of disciplines and frontier areas at micro-, meso- and macro-scopic levels respectively, based on case studies each focusing on nanotechnology and “nano+” effects, artificial intelligence technologies, mega scientific apparatuses, and biotechnology and biosafety.

　　3. The global scientific development manifests significantly different trends of change compared with the past

　　The book analyzes the current changes in the organization of science, the convergence of disciplines, the methodology of scientific research, the openness of science, and the social impact of science, giving trends in the current disciplinary research and frontier explorations.

　　At present, scientific research itself, the science institution and policy, and its research culture are all currently under constant evolution. The increasingly intensive competition and the growing expectations of science are driving changes in the roles, functions and interactions of universities, research institutes, funding bodies and publishers, creating new patterns of interest in the production of scientific knowledge. This has changed the relationship between production and application of scientific knowledge, and also the relationship between science, technology and innovation.

　　In the development of science disciplines and frontier areas, the study identifies a series of trending tendencies. First, current disciplines are becoming increasingly organized, with science being integrated into different hierarchical levels of organizational categories. Major national missions and tasks are leading to new disciplinary integration, resulting in more and more intensive convergence and integration in disciplinary development. Research perspectives beyond reductionism are taking momentum, with computer simulations and data science playing an increasing role. The “Internet+” is changing the ecology of scienceexchanges, and open science is reshaping the boundaries of science. On the other hand, emerging technologies are raising important ethical issues, and trustworthiness is becoming an important part of scientific and technological governance.

　　4. Against the context of China’s efforts to build a world power of science and technology, the evolution of its disciplines and frontier areas requires a balancing between the pursuit of major S&T issues and the national strategic needs, and further enhancement of science and technology governance capacity in frontier areas through systematic and institutional improvements

　　The book provides an analysis of the current situation and problems in China’s science disciplines and frontier areas, and makes a positional judgment for the development of science and technology in the new era as well as the developing direction of the key areas in its science disciplines and frontier areas, so as to give corresponding policy recommendations.

　　The study analyzes the driving factors for the development of science disciplines and frontier areas in China, respectively focusing on the driving factors originated from technical and scientific explorations and those from national needs. For the former, two aspects are specifically studied, namely the requirements from the pursuit of major scientific issues, and the needs to tackle common problems in strategically important technologies. For the latter, the study gives an in-depth analysis targeting six aspects, respectively focusing on national demands in climate change, population aging and advanced aging, risks and opportunities in health issues, intelligence and the Internet of everything, energy demands, and national security. Based on a summary of the overall situation of science disciplinary development, the study makes a positional judgment on the current problems faced by the science disciplinary development in China. The study concluded that in terms of disciplinary settings, there exist problems such as meticulous division of disciplinary categories, a lack of comprehensive and interdisciplinary integration, the delayed start in the division of interdisciplinary systems, and the imbalanced development of disciplines. In terms of talent, the study identifies a series of problems, including a relatively low proportion of R&D talent and weak competitiveness in the workforce, and an insufficiency of workforce expert at interdisciplinary research. In terms of independent facilities and platforms, there is room for improvement in the areas of medium and high-end instruments and facilities, research information and data, and research reagents. As for institutional factors, the study indicates that improvements are needed in the systems of S&T performance assessment, funding, transfer and transformation of S&T achievements, and protection of intellectual property.

　　Against the context of China’s efforts to build a world power in science and technology, the study analyse the importance of open innovation and international cooperation for China’s science and technology development and the new connotations and requirements they present. The study integrates different approaches and methodologies, including scientometrics reports (e.g. Research Frontiers and Engineering Frontiers), relevant reports on technology trends (e.g. Gartner Strategic Technology Trends, MIT Technology Review, etc.), expert interviews and questionnaire. In combination with the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and 2035 Vision for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the medium- and long-term science and technology layout, and with the needs for the development of fundamental frontiers and core technologies, the study tentatively proposes some key core areas for the development of disciplines and frontiers in China. In consideration of the future development and China’s development priorities, the study gives policy recommendations in four aspects: ① precise policy efforts to eliminate institutional barriers; ② emphasis on basic research and optimization of disciplinary systems; ③ innovative talent mechanisms to strengthen intellectual support; and ④ strengthened construction of disciplinary collaborative innovation platforms.