黨的二十大勝利召開，吹響了以中國式現(xiàn)代化全面推進中華民族偉大復興的前進號角。習近平總書記強調(diào)“教育、科技、人才是全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家的基礎性、戰(zhàn)略性支撐”，明確要求到 2035 年要建成教育強國、科技強國、人才強國。新時代新征程對科技界提出了更高的要求。當前，世界科學技術發(fā)展日新月異，不斷開辟新的認知疆域，并成為帶動經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的核心變量，新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革正處于蓄勢躍遷、快速迭代的關鍵階段。開展面向 2035 年的中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究，緊扣國家戰(zhàn)略需求，研判科技發(fā)展大勢，擘畫戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向，找準學科發(fā)展路徑與方向，找準科技創(chuàng)新的主攻方向和突破口，對于實現(xiàn)全面建成社會主義現(xiàn)代化“兩步走”戰(zhàn)略目標具有重要意義。
當前，應對全球性重大挑戰(zhàn)和轉(zhuǎn)變科學研究范式是當代科學的時代特征之一。為此，各國政府不斷調(diào)整和完善科技創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略與政策，強化戰(zhàn)略科技力量部署，支持科技前沿態(tài)勢研判，加強重點領域研發(fā)投入，并積極培育戰(zhàn)略新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，從而保證國際競爭實力。
擘畫戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向是搶抓科技革命先機的必然之策。當前，新一輪科技革命蓬勃興起，科學發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)相互滲透和重新會聚的趨勢，在科學逐漸分化與系統(tǒng)持續(xù)整合的反復過程中，新的學科增長點不斷產(chǎn)生，并且衍生出一系列新興交叉學科和前沿領域。隨著知識生產(chǎn)的不斷積累和新興交叉學科的相繼涌現(xiàn)，學科體系和布局也在動態(tài)調(diào)整，構(gòu)建符合知識體系邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)并促進知識與應用融通的協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的學科體系尤為重要。
擘畫戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向是我國科技事業(yè)不斷取得歷史性成就的成功經(jīng)驗。科技創(chuàng)新一直是黨和國家治國理政的核心內(nèi)容。特別是黨的十八大以來，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央明確了我國建成世界科技強國的“三步走”路線圖，實施了《國家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》，持續(xù)加強原始創(chuàng)新，并將著力點放在解決關鍵核心技術背后的科學問題上。習近平總書記深刻指出：“基礎研究是整個科學體系的源頭。要瞄準世界科技前沿，抓住大趨勢，下好‘先手棋’，打好基礎、儲備長遠，甘于坐冷板凳，勇于做栽樹人、挖井人，實現(xiàn)前瞻性基礎研究、引領性原創(chuàng)成果重大突破，夯實世界科技強國建設的根基?！?/p>
作為國家在科學技術方面最高咨詢機構(gòu)的中國科學院和國家支持基礎研究主渠道的國家自然科學基金委員會（簡稱自然科學基金委），在夯實學科基礎、加強學科建設、引領科學研究發(fā)展方面擔負著重要的責任。早在新中國成立初期，中國科學院學部即組織全國有關專家研究編制了《1956—1967 年科學技術發(fā)展遠景規(guī)劃》。該規(guī)劃的實施，實現(xiàn)了“兩彈一星”研制等一系列重大突破，為新中國逐步形成科學技術研究體系奠定了基礎。自然科學基金委自成立以來，通過學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究，服務于科學基金的資助與管理，不斷夯實國家知識基礎，增進基礎研究面向國家需求的能力。2009 年，自然科學基金委和中國科學院聯(lián)合啟動了“2011—2020 年中國學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究”。2012 年，雙方形成聯(lián)合開展學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究的常態(tài)化機制，持續(xù)研判科技發(fā)展態(tài)勢，為我國科技創(chuàng)新領域的方向選擇提供科學思想、路徑選擇和跨越的藍圖。
聯(lián)合開展“中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”，是中國科學院和自然科學基金委落實新時代“兩步走”戰(zhàn)略的具體實踐。我們面向 2035 年國家發(fā)展目標，結(jié)合科技發(fā)展新特征，進行了系統(tǒng)設計，從三個方面組織研究工作：一是總論研究，對面向2035 年的中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展進行了概括和論述，內(nèi)容包括學科的歷史演進及其發(fā)展的驅(qū)動力、前沿領域的發(fā)展特征及其與社會的關聯(lián)、學科與前沿領域的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系、世界科學發(fā)展的整體態(tài)勢，并匯總了各個學科及前沿領域的發(fā)展趨勢、關鍵科學問題和重點方向；二是自然科學基礎學科研究，主要針對科學基金資助體系中的重點學科開展戰(zhàn)略研究，內(nèi)容包括學科的科學意義與戰(zhàn)略價值、發(fā)展規(guī)律與研究特點、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展態(tài)勢、發(fā)展思路與發(fā)展方向、資助機制與政策建議等；三是前沿領域研究，針對尚未形成學科規(guī)模、不具備明確學科屬性的前沿交叉、新興和關鍵核心技術領域開展戰(zhàn)略研究，內(nèi)容包括相關領域的戰(zhàn)略價值、關鍵科學問題與核心技術問題、我國在相關領域的研究基礎與條件、我國在相關領域的發(fā)展思路與政策建議等。
三年多來，400 多位院士、3000 多位專家，圍繞總論、數(shù)學等18 個學科和量子物質(zhì)與應用等 19 個前沿領域問題，堅持突出前瞻布局、補齊發(fā)展短板、堅定創(chuàng)新自信、統(tǒng)籌分工協(xié)作的原則，開展了深入全面的戰(zhàn)略研究工作，取得了一批重要成果，也形成了共識性結(jié)論。一是國家戰(zhàn)略需求和技術要素成為當前學科及前沿領域發(fā)展的主要驅(qū)動力之一。有組織的科學研究及源于技術的廣泛帶動效應，實質(zhì)化地推動了學科前沿的演進，夯實了科技發(fā)展的基礎，促進了人才的培養(yǎng)，并衍生出更多新的學科生長點。二是學科及前沿領域的發(fā)展促進深層次交叉融通。學科及前沿領域的發(fā)展越來越呈現(xiàn)出多學科相互滲透的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。某一類學科領域采用的研究策略和技術體系所產(chǎn)生的基礎理論與方法論成果，可以作為共同的知識基礎適用于不同學科領域的多個研究方向。三是科研范式正在經(jīng)歷深刻變革。解決系統(tǒng)性復雜問題成為當前科學發(fā)展的主要目標，導致相應的研究內(nèi)容、方法和范疇等的改變，形成科學研究的多層次、多尺度、動態(tài)化的基本特征。數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的科研模式有力地推動了新時代科研范式的變革。四是科學與社會的互動更加密切。發(fā)展學科及前沿領域愈加重要，與此同時，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng) +”正在改變科學交流生態(tài)，并且重塑了科學的邊界，開放獲取、開放科學、公眾科學等都使得越來越多的非專業(yè)人士有機會參與到科學活動中來。
“中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”系列成果以“中國學科及前沿領域 2035 發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略叢書”的形式出版，納入“國家科學思想庫 - 學術引領系列”陸續(xù)出版。希望本叢書的出版，能夠為科技界、產(chǎn)業(yè)界的專家學者和技術人員提供研究指引，為科研管理部門提供決策參考，為科學基金深化改革、“十四五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃實施、國家科學政策制定提供有力支撐。
在本叢書即將付梓之際，我們衷心感謝為學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究付出心血的院士專家，感謝在咨詢、審讀和管理支撐服務方面付出辛勞的同志，感謝參與項目組織和管理工作的中國科學院學部的丁仲禮、秦大河、王恩哥、朱道本、陳宜瑜、傅伯杰、李樹深、李婷、蘇榮輝、石兵、李鵬飛、錢瑩潔、薛淮、馮霞，自然科學基金委的王長銳、韓智勇、鄒立堯、馮雪蓮、黎明、張兆田、楊列勛、高陣雨。學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究是一項長期、系統(tǒng)的工作，對學科及前沿領域發(fā)展趨勢的研判，對關鍵科學問題的凝練，對發(fā)展思路及方向的把握，對戰(zhàn)略布局的謀劃等，都需要一個不斷深化、積累、完善的過程。我們由衷地希望更多院士專家參與到未來的學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究中來，匯聚專家智慧，不斷提升凝練科學問題的能力，為推動科研范式變革，促進基礎研究高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，把科技的命脈牢牢掌握在自己手中，服務支撐我國高水平科技自立自強和建設世界科技強國夯實根基做出更大貢獻。
“中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”
聯(lián)合領導小組
2023 年 3 月
2019年底，國家自然科學基金委員會與中國科學院決定合作開展2021～2035年中國學科及前沿領域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究工作。這次戰(zhàn)略研究對謀劃相關學科的未來發(fā)展具有重要意義，將對我國基礎研究的長遠發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。
按照國家自然科學基金委員會和中國科學院的部署，這次的天文學學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究要突出前瞻性、強化戰(zhàn)略性、確保專業(yè)性和注重普及性。前瞻性是指研究報告要立足當前，展望未來5～15年天文學學科的發(fā)展趨勢；戰(zhàn)略性是指研究報告要將科學自身的發(fā)展規(guī)律與國家經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的需求有機結(jié)合起來；專業(yè)性是指研究報告要建立在數(shù)據(jù)準確和資料翔實的基礎上；普及性是指研究報告既要面向科學界又要注意面向公眾。在國家自然科學基金委員會和中國科學院的領導下，2020年3月25日成立了由6位院士和11位資深天文學家組成的天文學學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略專家組，以及由17名在第一線從事天文學研究的中青年學術骨干組成的秘書組，目標是在 2020年內(nèi)完成 2021～2035年中國天文學學科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究報告。結(jié)合天文學學科的實際情況，專家組和秘書組共同商定了研究報告的基本內(nèi)容，包括以下7章：學科總論，星系宇宙學，恒星、銀河系及星際介質(zhì)，太陽物理，基本天文學，新興方向，天文技術方法。
在一年多的時間里，專家組和秘書組按照天文學的不同層次和對象，即星系宇宙學，恒星、銀河系及星際介質(zhì)，太陽物理，基本天文學，新興方向，天文技術方法6個方面，進行了詳細的調(diào)查、分析和戰(zhàn)略研究。2020年3月的項目啟動會對6個方面的撰寫工作進行了總體討論和框架設計，隨后在廣泛調(diào)研的基礎上形成了各章節(jié)大綱，于2020年5月初完成了初稿。在隨后幾個月的時間里又進行了多次討論和修改，初稿于2020年底完成。
本書作者認為，近年來，我國對天文學研究經(jīng)費的投入大幅增加，天文學研究和教育有了長足的發(fā)展，逐步形成了從人才培養(yǎng)、儀器設備研制、觀測和理論研究到應用服務的較為完整的體系，形成了一批在國內(nèi)外有影響的學術帶頭人和優(yōu)秀創(chuàng)新研究群體，研究隊伍的年齡結(jié)構(gòu)趨于合理。大天區(qū)面積多目標光纖光譜望遠鏡（Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope，LAMOST，又名郭守敬望遠鏡）、500m 口徑球面射電望遠鏡（Fivehundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope，F(xiàn)AST）、暗物質(zhì)粒子探測衛(wèi)星（Dark Matter Particle Explorer，DAMPE）、硬X射線調(diào)制望遠鏡（Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope，HXMT）等的建成，標志著我國天文儀器的研制水平顯著提升。我國天文學研究已經(jīng)取得一批在國際上有相當顯示度的成果，總體水平在發(fā)展中國家中位居前列，成為國際上一支不可忽視的力量。但是，也應該看到，目前我國天文設備研究和教育的水平同發(fā)達國家相比，仍然存在很大差距。基于這樣的認識，本書建議我國天文學到2035年的發(fā)展目標是：在若干個領域建成引領國際天文學發(fā)展的重大設施，廣泛參與國際天文學合作項目，并引領若干個重大國際觀測項目以及國際大型科學設施的建設，產(chǎn)生若干引領型的科學大家，解決若干個重大的天文學科學問題，在國家安全方面貢獻重要力量，在航天和深空探測等領域發(fā)揮重要支持作用。
本書凝聚了許多院士和專家學者的智慧與努力，不僅對國內(nèi)外天文學的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和態(tài)勢進行了詳細評述，還對未來15年我國天文學的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和措施提出了一些重要的、有意義的思考與建議。我們希望它能為各級領導和部門決策提供參考，對從事各類天文學研究和教育的人員有所啟迪，對研究生和大學生的入門與成長有所幫助。未來15年，我國天文學的發(fā)展充滿巨大的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)，如果本書能對我國天文學的發(fā)展起到一點促進作用，便是對我們極大的欣慰。
最后，真誠地感謝熱心參與本書撰寫工作、提供材料和建議的所有院士和專家學者，感謝國家自然科學基金委員會和中國科學院領導的指導與關心。
景益鵬
《中國天文學2035發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略》項目組組長
2023年3月
天文學是一門探索宇宙中天體起源和演化的基礎學科，其研究對象涵蓋各個層次的天體。天文學科是人類認識宇宙的“排頭兵”，在國家學科發(fā)展布局中占據(jù)基礎地位，有力地促進了其他自然科學和尖端技術的發(fā)展，同時其研究對象也與人類生存和國家安全等密切相關。天文學創(chuàng)新水平已成為各國特別是大國科技實力的綜合體現(xiàn)和重要標志，中國天文學的發(fā)展得到黨和國家領導人的高度重視與肯定。
按照研究對象，天文學可以分為五個研究領域：星系宇宙學，恒星、銀河系及星際介質(zhì)，太陽物理，基本天文學，以及包括系外行星、引力波及其對應體、粒子天體物理等在內(nèi)的新興方向。天文技術方法作為支撐天文學發(fā)展的技術基礎，是天文學研究的組成部分。天文學是一門觀測與理論緊密結(jié)合、相互促進的學科。天文觀測驗證、豐富和發(fā)展已有的理論框架乃至催生新的理論體系，同時為大量觀測的高度量化總結(jié)和升華的理論框架的建立以及更深刻地了解新發(fā)現(xiàn)確立了新的高度。天文學與其他學科深度交叉，其他學科的知識是解釋復雜天文現(xiàn)象的重要工具，同時天文發(fā)現(xiàn)和理論又促進其他學科的進步。
天文學一直是世界各科技強國的重點發(fā)展學科，世界各科技強國高度重視天文學人才培養(yǎng)、科研隊伍建設、觀測設備建造以及創(chuàng)新科研環(huán)境培育。2010～2019年，我國天文學研究有了長足的發(fā)展，人才隊伍結(jié)構(gòu)更加合理、規(guī)模不斷擴大、質(zhì)量顯著提高，研究領域涵蓋理論、觀測和儀器設備研制等眾多方向，在國際核心期刊上發(fā)表的論文數(shù)量大幅增加，國際上有較高顯示度和影響的成果顯著增加。我國天文學家還擔任了國際天文學聯(lián)合會（International Astronomical Union，IAU）副主席和專業(yè)委員會主席等重要職務?？傮w而言，我國天文學的研究水平在發(fā)展中國家中位居前列，我國天文學研究團隊是國際上一支不可忽視的力量。在人才隊伍方面，本書收集各相關單位的數(shù)據(jù)匯總后可知，截至2019年12月，我國有一支由約2500名固定職位人員和約2500名流動人員（博士后、博士研究生、碩士研究生）組成的天文學研究隊伍，其中具有正高級職稱的600余人，副高級職稱的900人左右，博士后200余人，博士研究生近1200人，碩士研究生近1200人。本書委托中國科學院文獻情報中心基于美國科學情報研究所（Institute for Scientifc Information，ISI）的Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫的統(tǒng)計，2015～2019年天文學領域獲資助的項目共約5600項，金額近150億元。這五年間，天文學學科領域共計產(chǎn)出研究論文68 422篇，累計論文量增幅為
10.7%，我國在這一時期以第一作者發(fā)表5786篇論文，占國際論文總數(shù)的8.46%，世界排名第二位。以國際天文學聯(lián)合會的會員數(shù)作為參考，我國天文學家的人均論文產(chǎn)出高于世界平均水平。從學科指數(shù)這一指標來看，我國天文學研究在整個國家科研隊伍中的占比相對較低，以美國、日本以及歐洲等發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)的學科隊伍作為參考，天文學研究隊伍應該擴大兩倍以上。天文學的高影響論文主要出自一流的大科學裝置，而我國目前的天文大科學裝置的建設還處于起步階段，導致由我國學者主導的論文（第一作者論文）影響力偏弱，天文學科的篇均被引頻次是該學科世界篇均被引頻次的一半。2010～2019年，我國在地面多個波段以及空間設備方面都建成了一批有特色的重要設備，形成了有一定國際競爭力的實測基礎，包括LAMOST、FAST、天馬望遠鏡，以及“悟空”號DAMPE、“慧眼”HXMT等。
天文學探索天體的起源和演化。隨著探測技術的不斷進步，已有的科學問題被重塑，同時新的科學問題被提出。天文學的關鍵科學問題是天文學發(fā)展的引擎，也是科學驅(qū)動的基礎。未來5～15年天文學的關鍵科學問題包括：①暗物質(zhì)和暗能量的本質(zhì)以及星系的形成與演化機制；②恒星及銀河系的結(jié)構(gòu)和演化機制；③太陽在不同尺度上的結(jié)構(gòu)及其爆發(fā)機制；④行星的形成、探測及動力學特性；⑤面向下一代望遠鏡的關鍵技術。
針對上述關鍵科學問題，我國天文學的總體發(fā)展思路包括以下方面。
（1）依托已建的重大科學設施，開展前沿科學研究。未來5～15年，圍繞已建設備，開展系統(tǒng)性的、前沿的科學研究。基于LAMOST巡天的海量光譜觀測數(shù)據(jù)，開展豐度異常恒星、大樣本雙星、致密天體等的起源和演化研究；整合LAMOST中高分辨率巡天、星震學數(shù)據(jù)以及蓋亞（Gaia）數(shù)據(jù)，耦合銀河系的化學與運動學研究，建立銀河系演化的圖像。通過FAST多科學目標掃描巡天，同時獲取脈沖星和中性氫（neutral hydrogen）的海量數(shù)據(jù)，推動射電宇宙學和星系演化研究，系統(tǒng)性搜尋和大樣本統(tǒng)計分析各種致密天體及其爆發(fā)（如快速射電暴）現(xiàn)象?；凇拔蚩铡碧朌AMPE持續(xù)增加的高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)，獲得世界上最精確的20 GeV～10 TeV電子宇宙射線能譜、50 GeV至數(shù)百TeV的質(zhì)子與氦核宇宙線能譜以及能段最寬的硼碳比例能譜，在暗物質(zhì)間接探測和宇宙線研究方面取得突破性成果?；凇盎垩邸盚XMT，系統(tǒng)獲得一批致密星的高能時變和能譜演化特征，理解致密天體的吸積過程、爆發(fā)過程、相對論噴流以及輻射機制。
（2）發(fā)展自主的大科學設置，力爭在若干領域引領國際前沿。大科學裝置的缺乏是影響我國天文學發(fā)展的一個關鍵因素，謀劃下一代大科學裝置是未來我國天文學發(fā)展的重要條件。中長期，我國計劃建成如下重大科學設施：載人空間站工程巡天空間望遠鏡（Chinese Space Station Telescope，CSST）、500 m口徑球面射電望遠鏡陣列（FAST Array，F(xiàn)ASTA）、南極昆侖站光學紅外大視場巡天望遠鏡和亞毫米波望遠鏡、大型光學紅外望遠鏡（Large Optical-Infrared Telescope，LOT）、6.5 m寬視場光譜巡天望遠鏡（Multiplexed Survey Telescope，MUST）、大口徑亞毫米波望遠鏡、巨型太陽望遠鏡、天問4號木星探測器、宇宙熱重子探尋（Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor，HUBS）計劃、新疆奇臺110 m口徑全可動射電望遠鏡（Qitai Telescope，QTT）、12 m級大視場光譜巡天望遠鏡（Twelve-meter Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope，TMOST）、紫外發(fā)射線成圖探索小衛(wèi)星（Census of Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium，Accretion，F(xiàn)eedback Explorer，CAFE）等。
?。?）參與國際大科學裝置的建設。國際合作是現(xiàn)代天文學研究的重要方式，同時會進一步促進我國天文技術的進步。基于國際設備開展的多波段天文觀測也是提升我國天文研究水平的重要途徑。中長期，我國將參與若干個重大國際天文大科學裝置的建設。平方千米（射電望遠鏡）陣（Square Kilometer Array，SKA）是一個巨型射電望遠鏡陣列，其有效集光面積達1 km2。我國是SKA的七個創(chuàng)始成員國之一。SKA的研究對象覆蓋宇宙各層次的天體，將開啟射電天文學研究的新里程。30 m望遠鏡（Thirty-meter Telescope，TMT）是一個為國際合作準備建設的口徑達30 m的光學/紅外望遠鏡，是世界三大30 m級別的光學望遠鏡之一，與我國已有的光學/紅外設施形成有效的互補，提供高空間分辨率、高光譜分辨率、高靈敏度的觀測，TMT將是未來5～15年光學/紅外天文發(fā)展的主力之一。
?。?）重視理論研究，發(fā)展數(shù)值模擬天文學。我國的天文學研究在理論和數(shù)值模擬方面有著優(yōu)良的傳統(tǒng)，在國際上占據(jù)重要地位。中長期，我國將繼續(xù)大力發(fā)展理論研究和數(shù)值模擬天文學。
依據(jù)總體思路，未來我國天文學的發(fā)展目標包括：①依托已建設備，開展大規(guī)模星系巡天，理解暗能量和早期宇宙的本質(zhì)，發(fā)展暗物質(zhì)粒子候選者的探測方法，推動星系大生態(tài)環(huán)境的觀測研究；②基于LAMOST巡天，結(jié)合國際多波段的巡天，建立銀河系演化的圖像；③建設國家觀測平臺，對太陽實現(xiàn)厘角秒級的觀測，在空間天氣學領域取得突破；④參與月球、火星、小行星和木星的深空探測，探索太陽系中水以及其他生命物質(zhì)存在的可能性，揭示太陽系起源及其生命起源等問題；⑤建設完備的多信使和時域觀測網(wǎng)絡，深入探索“極端宇宙”；⑥建設完成數(shù)個國際頂尖的大科學裝置，通過國際合作參與若干個國際大科學裝置建設。
圍繞關鍵科學問題，根據(jù)總體思路及發(fā)展目標，天文學未來的重要研究方向包括：①宇宙起源及暗物質(zhì)和暗能量的本質(zhì)；②宇宙大尺度結(jié)構(gòu)及星系的形成與演化；③超大質(zhì)量黑洞與星系核區(qū)活動；④銀河系的形成歷史、結(jié)構(gòu)與演化；⑤恒星形成、結(jié)構(gòu)和演化及星際介質(zhì)；⑥恒星災變爆發(fā)機制、致密天體的形成和演化；⑦太陽精細結(jié)構(gòu)特征及日冕加熱的機制；⑧太陽磁場的產(chǎn)生、儲能及釋能的物理機制與預報；⑨行星系統(tǒng)的形成、探測和動力學；⑩時空參考系、軌道動力學及其應用；光學/紅外/紫外關鍵技術和方法；射電/毫米波/亞毫米波關鍵技術和方法；？高能輻射和粒子探測關鍵技術與方法。
最后，形成如下資助機制與政策建議。①推動LOT等裝置的預研、立項和建設。科學驅(qū)動下的重大設施建設對天文學的發(fā)展至關重要，未來5～15年要確保建成一批重大科學裝置，為我國天文學的進一步發(fā)展奠定堅實的基礎。②圍繞已建重大觀測設備的科學研究，設立項目群和研究中心。由于我國長期以來缺乏有競爭力的天文觀測設備，天文學家一直以使用國外天文觀測設備的存檔數(shù)據(jù)或者少量地利用國外觀測設備開展研究為主，因此十分有必要引導和鼓勵我國學者逐步利用中國剛剛投入運行或者即將投入運行的重大觀測設備開展研究。③加強面向重大科學問題的終端科學儀器的研制和優(yōu)化使用。不同于望遠鏡本體，終端科學儀器更新?lián)Q代的步伐更快，一般為10年，這可以充分利用新的技術來探索新的科學問題或深入回答已有的科學問題。國際大型天文設備的儀器配置通常分為三個階段，即建設“一代”、規(guī)劃“二代”、前瞻“三代”。目前我國的望遠鏡口徑、數(shù)量都有限，應大力支持面向重大科學問題研制訪問終端儀器，用于國際先進望遠鏡觀測平臺上，使得中國天文學家有機會爭取到更多的國際望遠鏡觀測時間，實現(xiàn)中國天文學家自己的科學目標。④加強計算天體物理學研究。計算機模擬（或數(shù)值實驗）研究在理論研究和指導天文觀測方面發(fā)揮著巨大的作用。我國應當積極與國內(nèi)計算科學界合作，發(fā)展自主的模擬程序，充分發(fā)揮國內(nèi)先進超算中心計算能力的優(yōu)勢，在一些天體物理領域取得國際領先的模擬成果和理論成果，并為國家天文大科學工程項目提供科學支撐。⑤支持國際觀測合作項目以及國際大型觀測設備的合作。積極開展國際合作可以彌補我國在設備類型、波段、探測能力等方面的不足，是實現(xiàn)學科發(fā)展目標的一個重要途徑。隨著一批新的國際地面和空間設備的出現(xiàn)，支持國際合作項目成為為我國學者提供前沿研究條件的一種必然需求。具體的合作可以包括：參加專題性的國際聯(lián)網(wǎng)觀測；分享國際望遠鏡觀測時間；支持參與（主持）大型國際地面和空間觀測計劃；支持競爭國際開放設備的時間；支持雙邊或多邊的觀測課題合作。⑥引進人才，發(fā)展高校天文教育，壯大天文研究隊伍。近年來，我國天文研究隊伍的體量和質(zhì)量都在迅速上升且更趨于年輕化，但在國際上我國的研究隊伍體量還小于法國、意大利等發(fā)達國家，與我國經(jīng)濟總量已居世界第二的地位還很不相稱；在國內(nèi)與其他數(shù)理學科，尤其是物理學相比，體量仍然太小。要繼續(xù)呼吁科技界和教育界充分認識天文學作為自然科學六大基礎學科之一的科學與社會作用，通過國家基礎科學人才培養(yǎng)基金等專項基金的支持，發(fā)展高校天文科研和教育人才。⑦促進新興方向研究。新興天文學包括多信使天文學、時域天文學和行星科學三個主要方向。與國際先進水平相比，我國新興方向的人才隊伍嚴重不足，必須積極促進新興方向觀測和理論研究的大力發(fā)展。⑧促進交叉研究。天文學研究的主流是天體物理，天文學與物理學的交叉融合變得越來越重要。未來我國要進一步加強天文學與物理學、地學、力學、數(shù)學和信息學的交叉研究，特別是粒子物理與宇宙學、天體物理與原子核物理、天體物理與等離子體物理和磁流體力學、天體物理與實驗室等離子體、天體物理與計算科學、天體物理與地球科學等的交叉研究。⑨建議基金項目一定比例的論文在國內(nèi)期刊發(fā)表研究成果。我國缺乏高影響力的天文學專業(yè)期刊，為了進一步促進我國天文學的發(fā)展，增強我國天文學的國際影響力，鼓勵一定比例的重要成果，特別是基于我國大科學裝置的核心工作成果發(fā)表在國內(nèi)期刊上，推動《天文和天體物理學研究》《中國科學：物理學力學天文學》等國內(nèi)期刊成為國際主流天文學期刊。同時，建議在項目結(jié)題考核環(huán)節(jié)實行代表作評價制度，代表作至少應包括一篇在國內(nèi)期刊上發(fā)表的論文。
Abstract
Astronomy is a fundamental discipline that explores the origin and evolution of celestial bodies in the universe. Its research objects cover celestial bodies at all levels. Astronomy is the “vanguard” of human understanding of the universe, occupying a basic position in the national discipline development layout, and has effectively promoted the development of other natural sciences and cutting-edge technologies. At the same time, its research objects are also closely related to human life and national security. The innovation level of astronomy has become a comprehensive manifestation and an important symbol of the scientific and technological strength of countries, especially major countries. The development of Chinese astronomy has been highly valued and recognized by the leaders of the Party and the country.
According to its research objects, astronomy can be divided into five research fields: extragalactic astronomy and cosmology, stars, the Milky Way and interstellar medium, solar physics, fundamental astronomy, and emerging fields including exoplanets, gravitational waves, along with its electro-magnetic counterparts, and particle astrophysics. Astronomy technologies and methods, as a technical foundation supporting the development of astronomy, are an integral part of astronomical research.Astronomy is a disciplinary subject that combines observation and theory, and mutually promotes each other. Astronomical observations not only verify, enrich, and develop the existing theoretical frameworks, but also give rise to new theoretical systems. Meanwhile as the highly quantitative summary of massive observations, the establishment of theoretical frameworks establishes a new height for a deeper understanding of new discoveries. Astronomy deeply intersects with other subjects, and knowledge from other subjects is an important tool to explain complex astronomical phenomena. At the same time, astronomical discoveries and theories also promote the progress of other subjects.
Since astronomy has always been a key development discipline for the world’s major scientific and technological powerhouse, these countries attach great importance to talent cultivation, research team building, observation equipment construction, and innovative research environment cultivation in the astronomy field. From 2010 to 2019, astronomical research in China has made significant progress, with a more reasonable structure of talent teams and expanding number of astronomers. The research fields cover many directions including theory, observation, and instrument development. The number of papers published in the international core journals has increased significantly, and the number of internationally highly-visible and influential achievements has also increased significantly.Chinese astronomers have gained important positions such as Vice Chairman and Chair of Professional Committees of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Overall, astronomical research level of China ranks among the top in the developing countries, and its astronomical research team is a significant force in the international arena. As for talent teams, according to data collected from various related units, as of December 2019, there is a Chinese astronomical research team composed of about 2,500 permanent employees and about 2,500 other employees (postdoctoral researchers, doctoral students, and master-degree students), including over 600 persons with senior professional titles and 900 persons with associate senior professional titles. There are also more than 200 postdoctoral researchers, nearly 1,200 doctoral-degree students, and nearly 1,200 masterdegree students. According to statistics from the Web of Science database compiled by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) commissioned by the authors of this book, in the astronomy field, about 5,600 projects have been funded in the five years from 2015 to 2019, totaling nearly RMB 15 billion. In this period, the astronomy disciplinary field produced a total of 68,422 research papers, with a cumulative growth rate of 10.7%. China published 5,786 papers as the first author, accounting for 8.46% of the total number of international papers, ranking second in the world. With the number of the members of the International Astronomical Union as a reference, the per capita paper output of Chinese astronomers is higher than the world average level. From the indicator of the disciplinary index, astronomical research team in China accounts for a relatively small proportion of the entire national scientific research team. Compared with the developed countries and regions such as the United States, Japan, and Europe, the astronomical research team should be expanded to more than twice the current size. The highly influential papers in astronomy are mainly produced by first-class large scientific devices, and the construction of astronomical large scientific devices in China is still in the initial stage, which has resulted in a weak impact of papers led by Chinese scholars (first-author papers), and the average citation frequency in astronomy research papers is half of that of the world. From 2010 to 2019, China has built a number of characteristic and important devices in multiple bands on the ground and in space, forming a certain degree of international competitiveness on an observational basis, including the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope（LAMOST）, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), the Tian Ma Telescope, the Dark Matter Particle Explorer（DAMPE）, the Dark Matter Particle detection satellite, and the insight Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope.
Astronomy explores the origin and evolution of celestial bodies. With the continuous advancement of detection technology, the existing scientific questions are reshaped while new scientific questions arise. The key scientific questions in astronomy are the engine for the development of astronomy and the foundation of the scientific driving force. The key scientific questions in astronomy for the next 5-15 years include: ① the nature of dark matter and dark energy and the formation and evolution mechanisms of galaxies; ② the structure and evolution mechanisms of stars and the Milky Way; ③ the structure of the sun on different scales and its eruption mechanism; ④ the formation, detection, and dynamic characteristics of planets; ⑤ key technologies for the next generation of telescopes.
In response to the above key scientific questions, the overall development strategy of Chinese astronomy includes the following aspects.
(1) To carry out cutting-edge scientific research based on the existing major scientific facilities. In the next 5-15 years, systematic and cuttinggedge scientific research will be conducted around the established equipment. Based on the massive spectral observation data obtained through the LAMOST survey, the origin and evolution of abundance anomalous stars, large sample binary stars, and compact celestial bodies will be studied. The chemical and kinematic research of the Milky Way will be coupled by integrating intermediate to high-resolution survey data, asteroseismology data, and Gaia data. The evolution of the Milky Way will be established. Through the multi-purpose scanning survey of FAST, massive data on pulsars and neutral hydrogen (HI) will be obtained, which will promote radio cosmology and galaxy evolution research, systematical search and large-sample statistical analysis of various compact celestial bodies and their outbreak phenomena (such as fast radio bursts). Based on the continuously increasing high-quality data of the DAMPE, the world’s most accurate 20 GeV-10 TeV electron cosmic ray energy spectrum, a proton and helium cosmic ray energy spectrum of 50 GeV to several hundred TeV, and the widest range of boron and carbon ratio energy spectrum will be obtained. Moreover, breakthrough achievements in the indirect detection of dark matter and cosmic ray research will be achieved. Based on the HXMT, a series of high-energy variability and spectral evolution characteristics of compact stars will be obtained, which will help to understand the accretion process,eruption process, relativistic jets, and radiation mechanisms of compact celestial bodies.
(2) To develop independent major scientific facilities to lead the international frontier in several areas. The lack of such facilities is a crucial bottleneck affecting the development of astronomy in China. Planning for the next generation of major scientific facilities is an essential condition for the future development of astronomy in China. In the medium to long term, China plans to build the following major scientific facilities: the Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST), the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope Array (FAST array, FASTA), the Kunlun Station Optical and Infrared Large Field of View Sky Survey Telescope and Submillimeter Telescope in Antarctica, the Large Optical-Infrared Telescope (LOT), the 6.5-meter Multiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST), the Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope, the Giant Solar Telescope, the Tianwen-4 Jupiter Probe, the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) project, the Qitai Telescope(QTT) with a 110-meter aperture and full mobility, the Twelve-meter Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (TMOST), and the Census of Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium, Accretion, Feedback Explorer (CAFE) small satellite for exploring ultraviolet emission lines.
(3) To participate in the construction of international major scientific facilities. International cooperation is an important way for modern astronomy research, and it will further promote the development of China’s astronomical technology. Multi-band astronomical observations based on international facilities are also an important way to improve China’s astronomical research level. In the medium and long term, China will participate in the construction of several major international astronomical facilities. The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is a giant radio telescope array, with an effective collecting area of 1 square kilometer. China is one of the seven founding members of SKA. The targets of SKA cover celestial bodies at all levels in the universe, opening up a new era of radio astronomy research. The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a 30-meter optical/infrared telescope under international cooperation preparation. It is one of the world’s three 30-meter-class optical telescopes,and complements China’s existing optical/infrared facilities, providing high spatial resolution, high spectral resolution, and high sensitivity observations. The TMT will be one of the main forces for the development of optical/infrared astronomy in the next 5-15 years.
(4) To emphasize theoretical research and the development of numerical simulation astronomy. China’s astronomical research has a strong tradition and occupies an important position internationally in terms of theoretical and numerical simulation research. In the medium and long term, China will continue to vigorously promote the theoretical research and development of numerical simulation astronomy.
According to the overall plan, the development goals of China’s astronomy in the future include: ① relying on the existing facilities, carry out large-scale galaxy surveys, understand the nature of dark energy and the early universe, develop detection methods for dark matter particle candidates, and promote the observation and research of the large ecological environment of galaxies;②establish an image of the evolution of the Milky Way based on the LAMOST survey and international multiband surveys; ③ establish a national observation platform and achieve centiarcsecond-level observations of the sun, making breakthroughs in the field of space weather; ④ participate in deep space exploration of the moon, Mars, asteroids, and Jupiter, explore the possibility of water and other life materials in the solar system, and reveal issues such as the origin of the solar system and the origin of life; ⑤ build a complete multi-messenger and time-domain observation network, and delve into the “extreme universe”; ⑥ build and complete several internationally top scientific facilities, and participate in the construction of several international major scientific facilities through international cooperation.
Based on the key scientific questions,the overall plan and development goals, the important research directions of astronomy in the future include: ① the origin of the universe, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy; ② the large-scale structure of the universe, and the formation and evolution of galaxies; ③ supermassive black holes and the activity in the nuclei of galaxies; ④ the formation history, structure, and evolution of the Milky Way; ⑤ star formation, stellar structure, and evolution of star, as well as interstellar matter; ⑥ stellar explosions,and the formation and evolution of compact object; ⑦ the fine structural features of the sun and the mechanisms of coronal heating; ⑧ the physical mechanisms for the generation, storage, and release of solar magnetic fields, as well as their prediction; ⑨ the formation, detection, and dynamics of planetary systems; ⑩ space-time reference systems, orbital dynamics, and their applications; ？key technologies and methods in optical/infrared/ultraviolet astronomy; ？key technologies and methods in radio millimeter/submillimeter; ？key technologies and methods for high-energy radiation and particle detection.
Finally, the following funding mechanisms and policy proposals have been formed.
(1) To promote the pre-research, project approval, and construction of facilities such as LOT. The construction of facilities driven by scientific research is crucial for the development of astronomy. It is essential to ensure that a batch of major scientific facilities is built within the next 5-15 years to lay a solid foundation for the further development of astronomy in China.
(2) To establish research centers and group research programs for scientific research around established major observing equipment. Due to the lack of competitive astronomical observation equipment in China, astronomers have mainly relied on foreign archived data or a small number of foreign observation equipment for research. Therefore, it is essential to encourage Chinese scholars to use the major observation equipment that China has recently put into operation or is about to put into operation, to carry out research.
(3) To strengthen the development and optimization of terminal scientific instruments oriented to major scientific issues. Unlike the telescope body, the pace of updating the terminal scientific instruments is faster, usually every 10 years. This can fully utilize new technology to explore new scientific issues or answer the existing scientific questions. The instrument configuration of international large-scale astronomical equipment is usually divided into three phases: construction of “generation one”, planning of “generation two”, and prospecting of “generation three”. Currently, China’s telescope diameter and quantity are limited. It is necessary to vigorously support the development of terminal instruments for major scientific issues, to be used on international advanced telescope observation platforms, giving Chinese astronomers the opportunity to compete for more international telescope observation time and achieve their own scientific goals.
(4) To strengthen research in computational astrophysics. Computer simulation (or numerical experiment) research plays a significant role in theoretical research and guiding astronomical observations. China should actively cooperate with the domestic computational science community, develop independent simulation programs, fully utilize the computing power of advanced national supercomputer centers, and gain international leading simulation results and theoretical achievements in some astrophysics fields, providing scientific support for national astronomical facilities.
(5) To support international observation cooperation projects and cooperation on international large-scale observation equipment. Active international cooperation can compensate for China’s shortcomings in equipment types, bandwidth, and detection capabilities, and is an important way to achieve disciplinary development goals. With the emergence of a new batch of international ground and space equipment, supporting international cooperation projects is an inevitable requirement to provide Chinese scholars with cutting-edge research conditions. Specific cooperation can include: participating in international network observation on specific research topics; sharing international telescope observation time; supporting participation (hosting) in large-scale international ground and space observation plans; supporting competition for international open equipment time; and supporting bilateral or multilateral observation project cooperation.
(6) To recruit talents, develop university astronomy education, and strengthen the astronomy research team. In recent years, the size and quality of China’s astronomical research teams have been rapidly increasing and tending toward younger generations. However, in terms of the size of the research teams, China’s volume is still smaller than that of developed countries such as France and Italy, which is not commensurate with China’s status as the world’s second-largest economy country. It is necessary to continue calling on the science and educational sectors to fully recognize the societal impact of astronomy as one of the six fundamental natural sciences, and support university astronomy research and education talents through dedicated funds.
(7) To promote research in emerging areas. Emerging astronomy includes three main areas: multi-messenger astronomy, time-domain astronomy, and planetary science. Compared with international counterparts, China’s talent team in emerging field is severely lacking.It is necessary to actively promote the development of emerging field observations and theoretical research.
(8) To promote interdisciplinary research. The mainstream of astronomical research is astrophysics, and the fusion of astronomy with physics has become increasingly important. In the future, China should further strengthen the interdisciplinary research between astronomy and physics, geology, mechanics, mathematics, and informatics, especially the interdisciplinary research between particle physics and cosmology, astrophysics and nuclear physics, astrophysics and plasma physics with magnetohydrodynamics, astrophysics and laboratory plasma, astrophysics and computational science, and astrophysics and earth science.
(9) To encourage that a certain proportion of research results published in domestic journals should be included in the funding project. China lacks high-impact astronomical journals. In order to further promote the development of China’s astronomy, enhance China’s international influence in astronomy, and encourage important achievements, especially those based on China’s major scientific facilities should be published in domestic journals such as Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Science China:Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy, promoting these journals to become mainstream international astronomical journals. At the same time, it is recommended to implement a representative work evaluation system in the project completion assessment, and the representative work should include at least one paper published in a domestic journal.
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