黨的二十大勝利召開(kāi)，吹響了以中國(guó)式現(xiàn)代化全面推進(jìn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的前進(jìn)號(hào)角。習(xí)近平總書(shū)記強(qiáng)調(diào)“教育、科技、人才是全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家的基礎(chǔ)性、戰(zhàn)略性支撐”，明確要求到 2035 年要建成教育強(qiáng)國(guó)、科技強(qiáng)國(guó)、人才強(qiáng)國(guó)。新時(shí)代新征程對(duì)科技界提出了更高的要求。當(dāng)前，世界科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展日新月異，不斷開(kāi)辟新的認(rèn)知疆域，并成為帶動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的核心變量，新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革正處于蓄勢(shì)躍遷、快速迭代的關(guān)鍵階段。開(kāi)展面向 2035 年的中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究，緊扣國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略需求，研判科技發(fā)展大勢(shì)，擘畫(huà)戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向，找準(zhǔn)學(xué)科發(fā)展路徑與方向，找準(zhǔn)科技創(chuàng)新的主攻方向和突破口，對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)全面建成社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化“兩步走”戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)具有重要意義。
當(dāng)前，應(yīng)對(duì)全球性重大挑戰(zhàn)和轉(zhuǎn)變科學(xué)研究范式是當(dāng)代科學(xué)的時(shí)代特征之一。為此，各國(guó)政府不斷調(diào)整和完善科技創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略與政策，強(qiáng)化戰(zhàn)略科技力量部署，支持科技前沿態(tài)勢(shì)研判，加強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域研發(fā)投入，并積極培育戰(zhàn)略新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，從而保證國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)力。
擘畫(huà)戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向是搶抓科技革命先機(jī)的必然之策。當(dāng)前，新一輪科技革命蓬勃興起，科學(xué)發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)相互滲透和重新會(huì)聚的趨勢(shì)，在科學(xué)逐漸分化與系統(tǒng)持續(xù)整合的反復(fù)過(guò)程中，新的學(xué)科增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)不斷產(chǎn)生，并且衍生出一系列新興交叉學(xué)科和前沿領(lǐng)域。隨著知識(shí)生產(chǎn)的不斷積累和新興交叉學(xué)科的相繼涌現(xiàn)，學(xué)科體系和布局也在動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整，構(gòu)建符合知識(shí)體系邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)并促進(jìn)知識(shí)與應(yīng)用融通的協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的學(xué)科體系尤為重要。
擘畫(huà)戰(zhàn)略、錨定方向是我國(guó)科技事業(yè)不斷取得歷史性成就的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)?？萍紕?chuàng)新一直是黨和國(guó)家治國(guó)理政的核心內(nèi)容。特別是黨的十八大以來(lái)，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央明確了我國(guó)建成世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)的“三步走”路線圖，實(shí)施了《國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》，持續(xù)加強(qiáng)原始創(chuàng)新，并將著力點(diǎn)放在解決關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)背后的科學(xué)問(wèn)題上。習(xí)近平總書(shū)記深刻指出：“基礎(chǔ)研究是整個(gè)科學(xué)體系的源頭。要瞄準(zhǔn)世界科技前沿，抓住大趨勢(shì)，下好‘先手棋’，打好基礎(chǔ)、儲(chǔ)備長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)，甘于坐冷板凳，勇于做栽樹(shù)人、挖井人，實(shí)現(xiàn)前瞻性基礎(chǔ)研究、引領(lǐng)性原創(chuàng)成果重大突破，夯實(shí)世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)建設(shè)的根基?！?/p>
作為國(guó)家在科學(xué)技術(shù)方面最高咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)的中國(guó)科學(xué)院和國(guó)家支持基礎(chǔ)研究主渠道的國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)（簡(jiǎn)稱自然科學(xué)基金委），在夯實(shí)學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)、加強(qiáng)學(xué)科建設(shè)、引領(lǐng)科學(xué)研究發(fā)展方面擔(dān)負(fù)著重要的責(zé)任。早在新中國(guó)成立初期，中國(guó)科學(xué)院學(xué)部即組織全國(guó)有關(guān)專(zhuān)家研究編制了《1956—1967 年科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展遠(yuǎn)景規(guī)劃》。該規(guī)劃的實(shí)施，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“兩彈一星”研制等一系列重大突破，為新中國(guó)逐步形成科學(xué)技術(shù)研究體系奠定了基礎(chǔ)。自然科學(xué)基金委自成立以來(lái)，通過(guò)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究，服務(wù)于科學(xué)基金的資助與管理，不斷夯實(shí)國(guó)家知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，增進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)研究面向國(guó)家需求的能力。2009 年，自然科學(xué)基金委和中國(guó)科學(xué)院聯(lián)合啟動(dòng)了“2011—2020 年中國(guó)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究”。2012 年，雙方形成聯(lián)合開(kāi)展學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究的常態(tài)化機(jī)制，持續(xù)研判科技發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)，為我國(guó)科技創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域的方向選擇提供科學(xué)思想、路徑選擇和跨越的藍(lán)圖。
聯(lián)合開(kāi)展“中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”，是中國(guó)科學(xué)院和自然科學(xué)基金委落實(shí)新時(shí)代“兩步走”戰(zhàn)略的具體實(shí)踐。我們面向 2035 年國(guó)家發(fā)展目標(biāo)，結(jié)合科技發(fā)展新特征，進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，從三個(gè)方面組織研究工作：一是總論研究，對(duì)面向2035 年的中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展進(jìn)行了概括和論述，內(nèi)容包括學(xué)科的歷史演進(jìn)及其發(fā)展的驅(qū)動(dòng)力、前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展特征及其與社會(huì)的關(guān)聯(lián)、學(xué)科與前沿領(lǐng)域的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系、世界科學(xué)發(fā)展的整體態(tài)勢(shì)，并匯總了各個(gè)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)、關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題和重點(diǎn)方向；二是自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科研究，主要針對(duì)科學(xué)基金資助體系中的重點(diǎn)學(xué)科開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略研究，內(nèi)容包括學(xué)科的科學(xué)意義與戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值、發(fā)展規(guī)律與研究特點(diǎn)、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)、發(fā)展思路與發(fā)展方向、資助機(jī)制與政策建議等；三是前沿領(lǐng)域研究，針對(duì)尚未形成學(xué)科規(guī)模、不具備明確學(xué)科屬性的前沿交叉、新興和關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略研究，內(nèi)容包括相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值、關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題與核心技術(shù)問(wèn)題、我國(guó)在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究基礎(chǔ)與條件、我國(guó)在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展思路與政策建議等。
三年多來(lái)，400 多位院士、3000 多位專(zhuān)家，圍繞總論、數(shù)學(xué)等18 個(gè)學(xué)科和量子物質(zhì)與應(yīng)用等 19 個(gè)前沿領(lǐng)域問(wèn)題，堅(jiān)持突出前瞻布局、補(bǔ)齊發(fā)展短板、堅(jiān)定創(chuàng)新自信、統(tǒng)籌分工協(xié)作的原則，開(kāi)展了深入全面的戰(zhàn)略研究工作，取得了一批重要成果，也形成了共識(shí)性結(jié)論。一是國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略需求和技術(shù)要素成為當(dāng)前學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力之一。有組織的科學(xué)研究及源于技術(shù)的廣泛帶動(dòng)效應(yīng)，實(shí)質(zhì)化地推動(dòng)了學(xué)科前沿的演進(jìn)，夯實(shí)了科技發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，促進(jìn)了人才的培養(yǎng)，并衍生出更多新的學(xué)科生長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。二是學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展促進(jìn)深層次交叉融通。學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展越來(lái)越呈現(xiàn)出多學(xué)科相互滲透的發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)。某一類(lèi)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域采用的研究策略和技術(shù)體系所產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)理論與方法論成果，可以作為共同的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)適用于不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的多個(gè)研究方向。三是科研范式正在經(jīng)歷深刻變革。解決系統(tǒng)性復(fù)雜問(wèn)題成為當(dāng)前科學(xué)發(fā)展的主要目標(biāo)，導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)的研究?jī)?nèi)容、方法和范疇等的改變，形成科學(xué)研究的多層次、多尺度、動(dòng)態(tài)化的基本特征。數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)的科研模式有力地推動(dòng)了新時(shí)代科研范式的變革。四是科學(xué)與社會(huì)的互動(dòng)更加密切。發(fā)展學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域愈加重要，與此同時(shí)，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng) +”正在改變科學(xué)交流生態(tài)，并且重塑了科學(xué)的邊界，開(kāi)放獲取、開(kāi)放科學(xué)、公眾科學(xué)等都使得越來(lái)越多的非專(zhuān)業(yè)人士有機(jī)會(huì)參與到科學(xué)活動(dòng)中來(lái)。
“中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”系列成果以“中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域 2035 發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略叢書(shū)”的形式出版，納入“國(guó)家科學(xué)思想庫(kù) - 學(xué)術(shù)引領(lǐng)系列”陸續(xù)出版。希望本叢書(shū)的出版，能夠?yàn)榭萍冀?、產(chǎn)業(yè)界的專(zhuān)家學(xué)者和技術(shù)人員提供研究指引，為科研管理部門(mén)提供決策參考，為科學(xué)基金深化改革、“十四五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃實(shí)施、國(guó)家科學(xué)政策制定提供有力支撐。
在本叢書(shū)即將付梓之際，我們衷心感謝為學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究付出心血的院士專(zhuān)家，感謝在咨詢、審讀和管理支撐服務(wù)方面付出辛勞的同志，感謝參與項(xiàng)目組織和管理工作的中國(guó)科學(xué)院學(xué)部的丁仲禮、秦大河、王恩哥、朱道本、陳宜瑜、傅伯杰、李樹(shù)深、李婷、蘇榮輝、石兵、李鵬飛、錢(qián)瑩潔、薛淮、馮霞，自然科學(xué)基金委的王長(zhǎng)銳、韓智勇、鄒立堯、馮雪蓮、黎明、張兆田、楊列勛、高陣雨。學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期、系統(tǒng)的工作，對(duì)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的研判，對(duì)關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題的凝練，對(duì)發(fā)展思路及方向的把握，對(duì)戰(zhàn)略布局的謀劃等，都需要一個(gè)不斷深化、積累、完善的過(guò)程。我們由衷地希望更多院士專(zhuān)家參與到未來(lái)的學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究中來(lái)，匯聚專(zhuān)家智慧，不斷提升凝練科學(xué)問(wèn)題的能力，為推動(dòng)科研范式變革，促進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)研究高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，把科技的命脈牢牢掌握在自己手中，服務(wù)支撐我國(guó)高水平科技自立自強(qiáng)和建設(shè)世界科技強(qiáng)國(guó)夯實(shí)根基做出更大貢獻(xiàn)。
“中國(guó)學(xué)科及前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021—2035）”
聯(lián)合領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組
2023 年 3 月
力學(xué)是人類(lèi)歷史上對(duì)自然認(rèn)識(shí)的第一次科學(xué)的理論概括，帶動(dòng)了自然科學(xué)的全面發(fā)展，并不斷推進(jìn)認(rèn)識(shí)論與方法論的進(jìn)步。力學(xué)將認(rèn)識(shí)自然與工程技術(shù)發(fā)展結(jié)合，開(kāi)啟了人類(lèi)大規(guī)模利用和改造自然的時(shí)代。馬克思曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“力學(xué)是大工業(yè)的真正科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)?！卞X(qián)學(xué)森曾說(shuō)過(guò)：“不可能設(shè)想，不要現(xiàn)代力學(xué)就能實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化?！?/p>
力學(xué)催生了第一次工業(yè)革命，并對(duì)第二、第三次工業(yè)革命及正在發(fā)生的技術(shù)變革產(chǎn)生了重要推動(dòng)作用，已成為支撐現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，在世界各強(qiáng)國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)布局中均占有獨(dú)特地位。隨著我國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展，力學(xué)無(wú)論是在創(chuàng)新研究能力上，還是在研究的廣度和深度上都發(fā)生了深刻的變化，呈現(xiàn)出以下幾個(gè)新特征：一是從研究對(duì)象看，當(dāng)代力學(xué)既緊密?chē)@物質(zhì)科學(xué)和復(fù)雜流動(dòng)中的非線性、跨尺度、極端物性和極端使役環(huán)境等前沿問(wèn)題，又直接面向高端裝備、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、能源環(huán)境、生命健康等重大需求，力學(xué)的前沿基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究同時(shí)發(fā)力，謀求良性互動(dòng)；二是從研究手段看，現(xiàn)代工程系統(tǒng)、裝備系統(tǒng)、生命系統(tǒng)日趨復(fù)雜，這要求力學(xué)建模更加精準(zhǔn)，計(jì)算方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)不斷更新，因此當(dāng)代力學(xué)重視建立新模型和新理論，發(fā)展新算法和新實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)，并在研制新軟件、新儀器上搶占制高點(diǎn)；三是從發(fā)展趨勢(shì)看，當(dāng)代力學(xué)不僅通過(guò)廣泛的多學(xué)科交叉產(chǎn)生了生物力學(xué)、環(huán)境力學(xué)、爆炸與沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)、物理力學(xué)等新興學(xué)科分支，而且深度融入材料、制造、能源、環(huán)境、健康等領(lǐng)域，不僅豐富了力學(xué)研究的內(nèi)涵，同時(shí)擴(kuò)充了力學(xué)服務(wù)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的廣度與深度，使力學(xué)學(xué)科持續(xù)保持旺盛的生命力。
2019 年 8 月，在中國(guó)科學(xué)院和國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)的統(tǒng)一部署下，中國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021～2035）工作正式啟動(dòng)，并成立了研究組和秘書(shū)組。胡海巖院士任研究組組長(zhǎng)，鄭曉靜院士和何國(guó)威院士任研究組副組長(zhǎng)；王鐵軍教授任秘書(shū)組組長(zhǎng)，陸夕云院士、楊紹普教授、馮西橋教授和龍勉教授任秘書(shū)組副組長(zhǎng)。
自中國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究（2021～2035）工作啟動(dòng)以來(lái)，研究組和秘書(shū)組多次召開(kāi)工作會(huì)議，討論和確定研究報(bào)告的指導(dǎo)思想、整體架構(gòu)、體例等，研究新時(shí)代力學(xué)學(xué)科的定義、體系結(jié)構(gòu)、優(yōu)先發(fā)展領(lǐng)域、交叉研究領(lǐng)域、保障措施等重要問(wèn)題。在 21 世紀(jì)以來(lái)歷次力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，本次力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究更加重視“四個(gè)面向”——面向世界科技前沿、面向經(jīng)濟(jì)主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)、面向國(guó)家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，著力體現(xiàn)力學(xué)學(xué)科在新時(shí)代的發(fā)展思路：一是重視力學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展前沿，探索力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究的新理論、新方法等；二是突出力學(xué)服務(wù)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，謀劃與國(guó)家重大需求、國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人民生命健康等密切相關(guān)的研究方向和能力建設(shè)；三是結(jié)合國(guó)家“十四五”規(guī)劃、新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、國(guó)家重大計(jì)劃、國(guó)家重大工程等，謀劃新時(shí)代力學(xué)相關(guān)研究方向和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。
本研究報(bào)告包括力學(xué)學(xué)科總論和力學(xué)學(xué)科各分支學(xué)科分論。在總論部分，重點(diǎn)論述力學(xué)學(xué)科的科學(xué)意義、戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值、發(fā)展規(guī)律、研究特點(diǎn)、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)、總體思路、發(fā)展方向、資助機(jī)制與政策建議等。在分論部分，分別論述力學(xué)各分支學(xué)科的相關(guān)問(wèn)題，涉及動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制、固體力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)和交叉力學(xué)（以生物力學(xué)、環(huán)境力學(xué)、爆炸與沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)、物理力學(xué)為主）。邀請(qǐng)了各分支學(xué)科專(zhuān)家撰寫(xiě)相關(guān)條款，并通過(guò)多種方式，廣泛征集了上述各分支學(xué)科的專(zhuān)家意見(jiàn)，并廣泛征求了力學(xué)界相關(guān)學(xué)者的意見(jiàn)，使報(bào)告得到進(jìn)一步的完善。
本研究報(bào)告是在研究組和秘書(shū)組充分調(diào)研和深入交流的基礎(chǔ)上，由眾多力學(xué)工作者共同完成的，得到眾多力學(xué)專(zhuān)家的關(guān)心和幫助。國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金委員會(huì)數(shù)學(xué)物理科學(xué)部孟慶國(guó)副主任、雷天剛處長(zhǎng)和張攀峰處長(zhǎng)高度重視力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究工作，全程參與調(diào)研工作和歷次工作會(huì)議，提出許多具體的意見(jiàn)和建議，對(duì)提升研究報(bào)告質(zhì)量發(fā)揮了重要作用。在此一并致以衷心的感謝！
胡海巖
《中國(guó)力學(xué) 2035 發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略》研究組組長(zhǎng)
2022 年 6 月
力學(xué)是關(guān)于物質(zhì)相互作用和運(yùn)動(dòng)的科學(xué)，研究介質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)、變形、流動(dòng)的宏觀與微觀力學(xué)過(guò)程，揭示力學(xué)過(guò)程及其與物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)等過(guò)程的相互作用規(guī)律與機(jī)理。力學(xué)為人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)自然和生命現(xiàn)象、解決實(shí)際工程和技術(shù)問(wèn)題提供理論基礎(chǔ)與分析方法，是自然科學(xué)知識(shí)體系的重要組成部分，對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的眾多學(xué)科分支的發(fā)展起到支撐、引領(lǐng)與推動(dòng)作用。我國(guó)具有完整的力學(xué)學(xué)科體系，包含動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制、固體力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)等主要分支學(xué)科，以及生物力學(xué)、環(huán)境力學(xué)、爆炸與沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)、物理力學(xué)等重要交叉學(xué)科。本報(bào)告共分為五章，報(bào)告內(nèi)容包括力學(xué)總體及各分支學(xué)科的科學(xué)意義與戰(zhàn)略地位、發(fā)展規(guī)律與研究特點(diǎn)、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)、發(fā)展思路與發(fā)展方向，以及資助機(jī)制與政策建議。
1. 力學(xué)的科學(xué)意義與戰(zhàn)略地位
力學(xué)是人類(lèi)歷史上對(duì)自然認(rèn)識(shí)的第一次科學(xué)的理論概括，帶動(dòng)了自然科學(xué)的全面發(fā)展，并不斷推進(jìn)人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)論與方法論的進(jìn)步。力學(xué)把認(rèn)識(shí)自然與工程技術(shù)發(fā)展結(jié)合起來(lái)，從而開(kāi)啟了人類(lèi)大規(guī)模利用和改造自然的時(shí)代。馬克思曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“力學(xué)是大工業(yè)的真正科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。”錢(qián)學(xué)森曾說(shuō)過(guò)：“不可能設(shè)想，不要現(xiàn)代力學(xué)就能實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化?！绷W(xué)催生了第一次工業(yè)革命，并對(duì)第二、第三次工業(yè)革命及正在發(fā)生的技術(shù)變革產(chǎn)生了重要推動(dòng)作用，已成為支撐現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科。力學(xué)具有旺盛的生命力，并不斷自我完善，具有促進(jìn)學(xué)科交叉、探求認(rèn)知突破、應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜與不確定性系統(tǒng)、培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型和綜合型人才的重要作用，在支撐社會(huì)現(xiàn)代化、增強(qiáng)原始創(chuàng)新能力、保障國(guó)家安全等方面具有不可替代性，在世界各強(qiáng)國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)布局中均占有獨(dú)特地位。
力學(xué)的科學(xué)意義與戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值體現(xiàn)在如下五個(gè)方面。
（1）力學(xué)是重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，與自然科學(xué)的眾多學(xué)科深度交叉與融合，并對(duì)各門(mén)自然科學(xué)的發(fā)展起到重要的引導(dǎo)、示范與推動(dòng)作用。
?。?）力學(xué)是工程科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，解決工程設(shè)計(jì)、制造和使役中的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題，對(duì)現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起著不可或缺的支撐作用。
?。?）力學(xué)研究自然界與工程技術(shù)中最基本的作用規(guī)律與機(jī)制，具有鮮明的普適性和系統(tǒng)性特征，可以培養(yǎng)杰出的工程科學(xué)人才。
?。?）力學(xué)具有持續(xù)而旺盛的生命力，始終與自然科學(xué)、工業(yè)技術(shù)及人類(lèi)生命健康相伴而行，在我國(guó)創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略中具有關(guān)鍵作用。
?。?）力學(xué)服務(wù)于現(xiàn)代工程和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的諸多領(lǐng)域，同時(shí)具有廣袤的疆域和強(qiáng)大的開(kāi)拓能力，多學(xué)科交叉特點(diǎn)顯著。
2. 力學(xué)的發(fā)展規(guī)律與研究特點(diǎn)
?。?）力學(xué)具有基礎(chǔ)性和應(yīng)用性，呈現(xiàn)“雙力驅(qū)動(dòng)”的發(fā)展規(guī)律。它不僅為現(xiàn)代科學(xué)奠定了重要基礎(chǔ)，而且催生了第一次工業(yè)革命。當(dāng)代力學(xué)發(fā)展既緊密?chē)@物質(zhì)科學(xué)中的非線性、跨尺度等前沿問(wèn)題，又直接面向高端裝備、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、能源環(huán)境、生命健康等重大需求。國(guó)際力學(xué)強(qiáng)國(guó)均在力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究上同時(shí)發(fā)力，謀求兩者良性互動(dòng)。
?。?）力學(xué)通過(guò)提出模型進(jìn)行定量研究，且不斷提升模型的描述和預(yù)測(cè)能力。現(xiàn)代工程系統(tǒng)日趨復(fù)雜，物理性質(zhì)和使役環(huán)境日趨極端化，其力學(xué)研究要求建模更加精準(zhǔn)，計(jì)算方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)不斷更新。與此同時(shí)，當(dāng)前的力學(xué)研究還針對(duì)力學(xué)計(jì)算、設(shè)計(jì)和控制，簡(jiǎn)化、驗(yàn)證和改進(jìn)模型。國(guó)際力學(xué)強(qiáng)國(guó)均重視提出新模型、新理論、新計(jì)算方法、新測(cè)試技術(shù)，并在研制新軟件、新儀器上搶占制高點(diǎn)。
?。?）力學(xué)與眾多學(xué)科產(chǎn)生交叉，在交叉中實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展。力學(xué)現(xiàn)象的普遍性和力學(xué)方法的普適性使力學(xué)與其他學(xué)科不斷融合創(chuàng)新。當(dāng)代力學(xué)不僅通過(guò)交叉產(chǎn)生了生物力學(xué)、環(huán)境力學(xué)、爆炸與沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)、物理力學(xué)等新興學(xué)科分支，而且深度融入制造、材料、能源、環(huán)境、健康等領(lǐng)域，解決重大技術(shù)問(wèn)題。國(guó)際力學(xué)強(qiáng)國(guó)均重視學(xué)科交叉和融合創(chuàng)新。
3. 力學(xué)的發(fā)展目標(biāo)、發(fā)展思路、主要研究方向和關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題
我國(guó)已經(jīng)形成了完整的力學(xué)學(xué)科體系，設(shè)有動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制、固體力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)等分支學(xué)科，以及生物力學(xué)、環(huán)境力學(xué)、爆炸與沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)、物理力學(xué)等交叉學(xué)科。我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出由科學(xué)前沿和國(guó)家需求共同牽引的“雙力驅(qū)動(dòng)”規(guī)律，在基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究上同時(shí)發(fā)力，謀求兩者互動(dòng)。20 世紀(jì) 50 年代以來(lái)，力學(xué)在我國(guó)工業(yè)體系及國(guó)防體系建設(shè)中發(fā)揮了不可替代的重要作用。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)學(xué)者在力學(xué)國(guó)際頂級(jí)期刊上發(fā)表論文數(shù)和論文引用數(shù)量均位居世界第二；在國(guó)際理論與應(yīng)用力學(xué)聯(lián)盟（International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics，IUTAM）中，我國(guó)是與美國(guó)并列的兩個(gè)最高等級(jí)會(huì)員國(guó)之一；在高超聲速飛行器、高速軌道交通、海洋裝備等國(guó)家重大工程中，力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)揮了不可替代的重要作用。
1）發(fā)展目標(biāo)
我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展目標(biāo)是：服務(wù)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，到2035 年左右建設(shè)成為國(guó)際力學(xué)強(qiáng)國(guó)，為中華民族偉大復(fù)興提供強(qiáng)有力的學(xué)科支撐。
2）發(fā)展思路
力學(xué)發(fā)展要堅(jiān)持“四個(gè)面向”，即面向世界科技前沿、面向經(jīng)濟(jì)主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)、面向國(guó)家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，不斷向科學(xué)技術(shù)的廣度和深度進(jìn)軍。我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展思路如下。
?。?）瞄準(zhǔn)并開(kāi)拓學(xué)科國(guó)際發(fā)展前沿，突出重點(diǎn)前沿基礎(chǔ)研究，推進(jìn)優(yōu)勢(shì)研究方向的發(fā)展，全面提升力學(xué)學(xué)科的研究水平，在主要研究方向上達(dá)到世界領(lǐng)先水平，在具有全局影響性的基礎(chǔ)研究領(lǐng)域獲得原創(chuàng)性重大研究成果，提高我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科的國(guó)際地位和影響力。
（2）立足國(guó)家重大科技布局中的學(xué)科需求，突出重大需求牽引的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究。以實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)原始創(chuàng)新為目標(biāo)，發(fā)展力學(xué)學(xué)科的新概念、新理論、新方法和新測(cè)試技術(shù)，以支撐我國(guó)在航空航天、軌道交通、能源環(huán)境、海洋工程等領(lǐng)域的重大需求和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，為我國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)的自立自強(qiáng)做出引領(lǐng)性的貢獻(xiàn)。
?。?）積極促進(jìn)與其他學(xué)科的交叉融合，拓展學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域和范圍，積極培育新的學(xué)科生長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，促進(jìn)新興學(xué)科的發(fā)展與布局，服務(wù)國(guó)家重大需求和人民生命健康。
?。?）加強(qiáng)力學(xué)人才培養(yǎng)，完善與提升力學(xué)教育體系，培養(yǎng)一批杰出的力學(xué)領(lǐng)軍人才，打造一支高水平的力學(xué)研究隊(duì)伍，建設(shè)一流力學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)期刊和交流平臺(tái)，為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和面對(duì)激烈國(guó)際科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)提供源頭創(chuàng)新知識(shí)，高水平、高層次人才隊(duì)伍，以及平臺(tái)支撐。
?。?）注重優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)科與薄弱學(xué)科的平衡。一方面，力學(xué)學(xué)科在與其他領(lǐng)域融合交叉的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了很多前沿和新興領(lǐng)域，但這些前沿和新興領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者數(shù)量相對(duì)較少，難以形成系統(tǒng)的學(xué)科；另一方面，在力學(xué)學(xué)科交叉融合的過(guò)程中，傳統(tǒng)的力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科開(kāi)始呈現(xiàn)出“青黃不接”導(dǎo)致的凈流失現(xiàn)象。由于這些前沿和新興領(lǐng)域是力學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)，若停滯不前終將影響整個(gè)學(xué)科的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展，需要加以政策鼓勵(lì)和扶持，加大經(jīng)費(fèi)支持力度，促成評(píng)價(jià)體系改革，從而吸引更多的學(xué)者，逐步擴(kuò)大規(guī)模和影響。
?。?）加強(qiáng)力學(xué)研究基地建設(shè)、大型實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)建設(shè)與實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器設(shè)備研制。一方面，應(yīng)布局建設(shè)能夠支撐國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略需求的力學(xué)類(lèi)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略中涉及載人航天與探月、大型飛機(jī)、航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與重型燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、核電裝備、軌道交通、海洋工程平臺(tái)等一系列重大裝備和工程，各種大型結(jié)構(gòu)與裝備的設(shè)計(jì)與可靠性評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)力學(xué)提出了更高要求。另一方面，應(yīng)布局建設(shè)面向國(guó)際前沿、多學(xué)科交叉的力學(xué)類(lèi)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。面向力學(xué)學(xué)科的新增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，應(yīng)從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)布局建設(shè)面向多學(xué)科交叉同時(shí)以力學(xué)為主導(dǎo)的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
3）主要研究方向和關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題
我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科的優(yōu)先發(fā)展領(lǐng)域、主要研究方向和關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題如下。
（1）復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)理認(rèn)知、設(shè)計(jì)與調(diào)控。主要研究方向?yàn)榉蔷€性動(dòng)力學(xué)、隨機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué)、多體系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為含非線性、不確定性的動(dòng)力學(xué)分析，復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)及其動(dòng)態(tài)載荷辨識(shí)，系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)拓?fù)湓O(shè)計(jì)與控制。
?。?）新材料的變形與破壞。主要研究方向?yàn)樾虏牧系谋緲?gòu)關(guān)系、破壞理論、多尺度力學(xué)行為、實(shí)驗(yàn)與計(jì)算新方法；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為新材料的本構(gòu)關(guān)系與強(qiáng)度理論、新材料的破壞失效行為、動(dòng)態(tài)載荷下的新材料變形與破壞。
（3）新結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)與分析。主要研究方向?yàn)樾陆Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、安全壽命評(píng)估、復(fù)雜載荷響應(yīng)分析；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為多功能驅(qū)動(dòng)的新結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、重大裝備的結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、新結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜響應(yīng)。
?。?）高速流動(dòng)的多物理過(guò)程。主要研究方向?yàn)榱鲃?dòng)過(guò)程中力、熱、聲等多因素耦合作用，流動(dòng)計(jì)算模型，復(fù)雜流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象的復(fù)現(xiàn)；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為多物理過(guò)程耦合、復(fù)雜流動(dòng)機(jī)制及控制、流動(dòng) - 運(yùn)動(dòng) -變形耦合作用。
?。?）湍流多尺度結(jié)構(gòu)相互作用。主要研究方向?yàn)橥牧鞫喑叨冉Y(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力學(xué)、時(shí)空關(guān)聯(lián)理論和模型、高精度計(jì)算和實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為湍流多尺度結(jié)構(gòu)演化、湍流時(shí)空耦合特征與湍流噪聲、多相顆粒湍流、含相變的多相湍流。
?。?）交叉力學(xué)。主要研究方向?yàn)闃O端條件下的復(fù)雜介質(zhì)力學(xué)、多相多場(chǎng)功能系統(tǒng)的物理力學(xué)理論與方法、生命體的力學(xué)表征與調(diào)控；關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題為極端條件下的復(fù)雜介質(zhì)的演化，離散與連續(xù)關(guān)聯(lián)的跨時(shí)空尺度力學(xué)，物理力學(xué)的理論與方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法與技術(shù)、信息和智能性質(zhì)，生命介質(zhì)的力學(xué)表征與跨尺度耦合，醫(yī)療與健康中的生物力學(xué)，生物材料設(shè)計(jì)與特殊環(huán)境生理適應(yīng)性。
4. 資助機(jī)制與政策建議
研究資助體系對(duì)力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展至關(guān)重要，主要思路是：保持基礎(chǔ)研究隊(duì)伍的適度規(guī)模，穩(wěn)定支持力學(xué)基本科學(xué)問(wèn)題和前沿領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)研究，引導(dǎo)結(jié)合國(guó)家需求開(kāi)展基礎(chǔ)研究，培養(yǎng)一批青年人才和優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)帶頭人。
針對(duì)我國(guó)力學(xué)學(xué)科的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，特別提出保障力學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展的措施建議：強(qiáng)化力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科地位，促進(jìn)力學(xué)學(xué)科的前沿發(fā)展；加大對(duì)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和技術(shù)的支持力度，加快力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基地和實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)的建設(shè)；加強(qiáng)力學(xué)計(jì)算支撐平臺(tái)建設(shè)，推動(dòng)國(guó)產(chǎn)力學(xué)計(jì)算軟件發(fā)展；促進(jìn)資源共享與合作交流平臺(tái)建設(shè)，提高資源使用效率；重視學(xué)科交叉，促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新型和復(fù)合型力學(xué)人才成長(zhǎng)；加強(qiáng)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，積極培養(yǎng)優(yōu)秀青年學(xué)者；大力提升力學(xué)類(lèi)國(guó)內(nèi)期刊的質(zhì)量和影響力。
5. 力學(xué)學(xué)科各分支學(xué)科
1）動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制
動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制是研究系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)特性、動(dòng)態(tài)行為與激勵(lì)之間的關(guān)系及其調(diào)節(jié)的力學(xué)分支學(xué)科。動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制學(xué)科的主要研究范疇包括自然界和工程領(lǐng)域中的動(dòng)力學(xué)一般原理、系統(tǒng)建模，以及分析、設(shè)計(jì)與控制的理論和方法等。該學(xué)科以動(dòng)態(tài)的觀點(diǎn)研究高維、非線性、非光滑、不確定性、多場(chǎng)耦合、復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)等系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式、隨時(shí)間變化規(guī)律及其控制策略，揭示力與系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系，有目標(biāo)地調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式和動(dòng)態(tài)特性，為認(rèn)識(shí)自然現(xiàn)象和工程分析、設(shè)計(jì)提供理論方法和分析工具。
2）固體力學(xué)
固體力學(xué)是研究固體介質(zhì)及其結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的受力、變形、破壞以及相關(guān)變化和效應(yīng)的力學(xué)分支學(xué)科，是力學(xué)學(xué)科中規(guī)模最大的二級(jí)學(xué)科。固體變形與破壞幾乎涉及人類(lèi)生活的各個(gè)方面，如在各類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)與裝備、各個(gè)工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，以及地震、滑坡、雪崩等多種自然災(zāi)害之中，均會(huì)出現(xiàn)固體的變形與破壞現(xiàn)象。固體物質(zhì)具有多樣性，其受力后的響應(yīng)千差萬(wàn)別，具有明顯的非線性和多尺度特征，如彈性、塑性、蠕變、斷裂、疲勞等。固體力學(xué)研究各種載荷條件下材料與結(jié)構(gòu)的變形與強(qiáng)度，為認(rèn)識(shí)固體變形與破壞機(jī)理、工程結(jié)構(gòu)與裝備分析、設(shè)計(jì)和服役可靠性評(píng)價(jià)提供理論、方法和手段。
3）流體力學(xué)
流體力學(xué)是研究流體介質(zhì)的特性、狀態(tài)和在各種力的驅(qū)動(dòng)下發(fā)生的流動(dòng)以及質(zhì)量、動(dòng)量、能量輸運(yùn)規(guī)律的力學(xué)分支學(xué)科。流體介質(zhì)廣泛地存在于自然界和工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，從宇宙中巨大的天體星云到包圍地球的大氣層，從地球表面無(wú)垠的海洋到地球內(nèi)部炙熱的巖漿，從動(dòng)物血管中的血液到各種工業(yè)管道內(nèi)的石油和天然氣。由于流體物理性質(zhì)、流動(dòng)狀態(tài)和受力環(huán)境等復(fù)雜，流體力學(xué)問(wèn)題呈現(xiàn)出非定常、非平衡、多尺度、多場(chǎng)耦合、強(qiáng)非線性等基本特征。流體力學(xué)的湍流問(wèn)題是自然科學(xué)未解決的經(jīng)典問(wèn)題之一。流體力學(xué)為航空、航天、能源、交通領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
4）交叉力學(xué)
交叉性強(qiáng)是力學(xué)學(xué)科的一個(gè)基本特點(diǎn)。力學(xué)與其他科學(xué)之間的碰撞將推動(dòng)力學(xué)在新時(shí)代的發(fā)展，成為力學(xué)進(jìn)步的新動(dòng)力。隨著與其他學(xué)科的交叉越來(lái)越廣泛與深入，力學(xué)所涉及對(duì)象的復(fù)雜性也越來(lái)越突出，出現(xiàn)了一系列處于科學(xué)前沿的新問(wèn)題和新領(lǐng)域。交叉力學(xué)以力學(xué)為牽引，通過(guò)介質(zhì)交叉、層次交叉、剛?cè)峤徊?、質(zhì)智交叉等多個(gè)方面，實(shí)現(xiàn)多學(xué)科的交叉和融合。同時(shí)，力學(xué)作為科學(xué)與工程之間的橋梁，連接不同領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)與應(yīng)用研究。交叉力學(xué)研究呈現(xiàn)出多場(chǎng)耦合、時(shí)空多尺度等復(fù)雜特征，其研究的深入與發(fā)展均離不開(kāi)力學(xué)科學(xué)的發(fā)展，同時(shí)也催生出系列新概念、新理論和新方法。
Abstract
Mechanics refers to the science of interactions and movements of matters, focusing on the macro- and micro-mechanical processes of movement, deformation and flow of various media. It reveals the mechanical processes and mechanisms of interactions with physical, chemical, biological and other processes. Mechanics provides both theoretical basis and analytical methods for humans to understand natural and life phenomena and solve practical problems. As an important branch of natural sciences, it has led, supported and promoted the development of many branches of science and technology. A complete disciplinary system of mechanics has been established in China, which contains the major sub-disciplines such as dynamics and control, solid mechanics and fluid mechanics, as well as important inter-disciplines such as biomechanics, environmental mechanics, explosion and impact dynamics, and physical mechanics. This report consists of five chapters, which cover the scientific significance and strategic status, the development laws and research characteristics, the status and the trend of development, as well as the funding mechanism and policy recommendations for overall mechanics and each sub-discipline.
1. The scientific significance and strategic status of mechanics
Mechanics is the earliest summary of scientific theory in the history of natural cognition of human beings. It led to the overall development of natural sciences and continuously promoted the advancement of human epistemology and methodology. Mechanics combines human’s understanding of nature with the development of technology and engineering, opening up the era of large-scale utilization and transformation of nature. Karl Marx wrote that mechanics is the true scientific basis of large-scale industry. Xuesen Qian (Hsue-shen Tsien) once said that it is impossible to imagine that modernization would be achieved without modern mechanics. Mechanics gave birth to the first industrial revolution, played an important role in promoting the second and third industrial revolutions, and served as the fundamentals for technologies in modern industry. With vigorous vitality and continuous self-improvement, mechanics plays an important role in promoting inter-disciplinary fields, exploring cognitive breakthroughs, coping with complex and uncertain systems, and cultivating innovative and comprehensive talents. Mechanics is irreplaceable in supporting social modernization, enhancing original innovation capabilities and ensuring national security, occupying a unique position in the scientific and technological layout of world powers.
The past centuries have witnessed the strategic values of mechanics in the following five aspects.
(1) Mechanics is an important basic subject, deeply intersecting and integrating with many subjects of natural sciences, and plays an important role in leading, demonstrating and promoting the development of various natural sciences.
(2) Mechanics is the foundation of engineering science, which solves key scientific problems during the design, manufacturing and service of engineering systems, and plays an indispensable supporting role in the development of modern industry.
(3) Mechanics deals with the most basic rules and mechanisms of natural sciences, technology and engineering. With distinct universality and systematism, it cultivates outstanding talents in engineering science.
(4) Mechanics has a continuous and exuberant vitality, accompanied by the progress of natural sciences, technology and engineering, and human’s life and health, and plays a key role in the innovation-driven development and the modernization strategy in China.
(5) Mechanics serves various fields of modern engineering and economic construction, has a broad research area and powerful development ability, and has the remarkable characteristic of interdisciplinarity.
2. The development laws and research characteristics of mechanics
(1) Mechanics has both fundamentality and applicability, showing its law of development as what we call “driven by a pair of forces”. It not only laid an important foundation for modern science, but also gave birth to the first industrial revolution. Nowadays, the development of mechanics not only closely ties with the frontier issues of non-linearity and trans-scales in material science, but also involves the major needs such as the advanced equipment, infrastructures, energy and environment, as well as life and health. The world’s powers in mechanics all have been making their efforts to promote both basic research and applied research of mechanics, seeking a benign interaction between these two.
(2) Mechanics conducts quantitative research by establishing models, and continuously improves the description and prediction capabilities of the models. As the modern engineering systems become more and more complex, and the physical properties and service environment of those systems are more and more extreme, and the studies on their mechanics require more accurate mechanical modeling and repeatedly updating ofcomputational methods and experimental techniques. Meanwhile, the models need to be simplified, verified and modified for the purpose of computations, designs and controls. The world’s powers in mechanics all have been attaching importance to proposing novel models, theories, computational methods and experimental techniques, seizing the commanding heights in the development of new software and advanced instruments.
(3) Mechanics intersects with many subjects, achieving innovation and development during intersection. Mechanics continues to integrate and innovate with other disciplines due to the universality of phenomena and the applicability of methods of mechanics. Nowadays, new disciplines such as biomechanics, environmental mechanics, explosion and impact dynamics, as well as physical mechanics, have been developed from mechanics. Moreover, by deeply integrating into manufacturing, materials, energy, environments and human’s health, mechanics aims to solve major technical issues in these areas. The world’s powers in mechanics all have been attaching importance to inter-disciplinary and integrated innovation.
3. The development goals, development ideas, main research directions and key scientific issues of mechanics
A complete disciplinary system of mechanics has been established in China, with major sub-disciplines such as dynamics and control, solid mechanics and fluid mechanics, as well as inter-disciplines such as biomechanics, environmental mechanics, explosion and impact dynamics, and physical mechanics. The development of Chinese mechanics has been “driven by a pair of forces”. That is, a pair of driving forces comes from both frontiers of science and major needs of the nation. Great efforts have been made in basic research and applied research of mechanics to seek the interaction between these two. Mechanics has played an irreplaceable role in the construction of Chinese industrial system and national defense system since the 1950s. The numbers of both publications and citations of Chinese scientists in the top international journals of mechanics have ranked the second in recent years. China is one of the two highest-ranking state members alongside the United States of America in the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM). Mechanics has played an irreplaceable role in major state projects such as hypersonic flight vehicles, high-speed railway trains and marine equipment.
1) The development goals of mechanics
The development goals of Chinese mechanics are to serve the nation’s innovation-driven development strategy, to help China become a world powerhouse in mechanics by around 2035, and to provide strong disciplinary support for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
2) The development ideas of mechanics
The development of mechanics must adhere to the “Four Orientations”. That is, it should meet the specific needs of the frontiers of both science and technology in the world, the main economic battlefield, the major national needs, and human’s life and health, and continuously march into the breadth and depth of science and technology. The development ideas of Chinese mechanics are as follows.
(1) We should aim at the frontier of mechanics in the world, highlight the key basic researches in cutting-edge fields, promote the development of advantageous research directions, comprehensively improve the research level of mechanics, reach the world’s leading level in the main research directions, and make original and major achievements in basic researches with global influence, and improve the international status and influence of Chinese mechanics.
(2) Based on the disciplinary needs of the Chinese major scientific and technological layout, we should highlight the basic applied researches driven by major needs of the nation. With the goal of achieving original scientific innovations, we should propose novel concepts, theories, methods and experimental techniques in mechanics to meet the major needs of the nation in the fields of aerospace engineering, railway engineering, energy and environment engineering, and ocean engineering, and economic developments. We should make the leading contributions to the self-reliance and self-renewal of the nation in science and technology.
(3) We should actively promote the intersection and integration of mechanics and other disciplines, expand the research fields, and cultivate new disciplines, thereby promoting the development and layout of emerging disciplines and serving the major national needs and human’s life and health.
(4) We should strengthen the training of talents in mechanics, and improve and upgrade the educational system in mechanics. By cultivating a group of outstanding leaders in mechanics, building a highlevel research team in mechanics, and developing the top journals and communication platforms of mechanics, the mechanics discipline will provide original innovations, high-level and high-quality teams, and platforms to the Chinese economic and social developments and well cope with the fierce international technological competition.
(5) We should pay attention to the balance between superior and weak subjects. On the one hand, mechanics has developed many frontiers and emerging fields in the process of intersecting and integrating with other fields in recent years. However, the researchers in these frontiers and emerging fields are not enough, making it difficult for these fields to become systematic disciplines. On the other hand, there are not enough trained younger researchers ready to take over from older ones in traditional basic mechanics during the cross-integration process. As these frontiers and emerging fields are the foundations of mechanics, the stagnation will eventually affect the healthy and sustainable developments of the entire discipline. It is necessary, thus, to provide policy encouragement and funding support, and promote the reformation of the evaluation system, so as to attract more researchers and gradually expand the scale and influence of mechanics.
(6) It is essential to enhance the construction and development of research bases, large experimental facilities and advanced experimental instruments in mechanics. On the one hand, it is urgent to build the state key laboratories of mechanics that can support the national strategic needs, such as the space station and lunar exploration, large aircraft, aero-engines and heavy gas turbines, nuclear power equipment, offshore engineering platforms, large deep-sea platforms, and high-speed trains. Besides, the design and reliability evaluation of various large-scale structures and equipment have set higher requirements on mechanics. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish inter-disciplinary state key laboratories of mechanics oriented to the frontiers of science and technology. Facing the new developments of mechanics, the state key laboratories for mechanics-oriented multi-disciplines should be planned and constructed prospectively.
3) The main research directions and key scientific issues of mechanics
The development fields to which we should give priority, main research directions and key scientific issues of Chinese mechanics are as follows.
(1) Cognition, design and control of complex system dynamics. The main research directions are non-linear dynamics, stochastic dynamics and dynamics of flexible multibody system. The key scientific issues are the dynamic analysis with non-linearity and uncertainty, the identification of complex systems and their dynamic loads, and the topology design and control of systems dynamics.
(2) Deformation and failure of novel materials. The main research directions are constitutive laws of novel materials, the failure theories, the multi-scale mechanical behaviors, and the new computational and experimental techniques. The key scientific issues are the constitutive laws and strength theories of novel materials, the destruction and failure behaviors of novel materials, and the deformation and failure of novel materials under dynamic loads.
(3) Mechanical design and analysis of new structures. The main research directions are the design of new structures, the evaluation of safety and service life, and the response analysis of complex loads. The key scientific issues are the new structure design driven by multifunctions, the structural mechanics of major equipment and the complex response of new structures.
(4) The multi-physical processes of high-speed flow. The main research directions are the coupling effect of forces, heat, sound and other factors in complex flows, the computational model of flow, and the reproduction of complex phenomena. The key scientific issues are the coupling of multi-physical processes, the complex flow mechanism and control, and the flow-motion-deformation coupling effect.
(5) The multi-scale interaction in turbulent flows. The main research directions are the dynamics of multi-scale structures of turbulence, the theories and models of spatial-temporal correlation, and high-precision computations and experimental measurements. The key scientific issues are the evolution of multi-scale structures of turbulence, the spatial-temporal coupling characteristics of turbulence and turbulent noise, the multiphase particle turbulence, and the multiphase turbulence with phase transitions.
(6) X-mechanics. The main research directions are the complex medium mechanics under extreme conditions, physical mechanics theories and methods of multiphase and multi-field functional systems, and the mechanical characterization and control of living bodies. The key scientific issues are the evolution of complex media under extreme conditions, cross-temporal and spatial scale mechanics of discrete and continuous correlation, the theories and methods associated with information and intellectual properties of physical mechanics, the mechanical characterization and cross-scale coupling of living media, biomechanics in medical care and health, and the design of biomaterial and physiological adaptation to special environment.
4. The funding mechanism and policy recommendations
The funding system plays a vital role in the development of mechanics, which includes maintaining an appropriate scale of basic research teams, stably supporting the researches in basic mechanics issues and frontier fields, guiding the integration of the national needs to conduct basic researches, and cultivating a group of young talents and outstanding academic leaders.
In view of the development status of Chinese mechanics, we make special suggestions for the disciplinary development of mechanics as follows. It is better to strengthen the status of the basic discipline of mechanics and promote the frontier development of mechanics, to increase f inancial support to experimental methods and technologies of mechanics so as to speed up the construction of experimental bases and experimental facilities, to support the construction of the computing platform for mechanics so as to promote the development of domestic computational mechanics software, to promote the construction of resource sharing and cooperation platform so as to improve the efficiency of resource utilization, to attach importance to inter-disciplinary fields and promote the cultivation of innovative and compound talents of mechanics, to strengthen the construction of talent teams and actively train young scholars, and to vigorously improve the quality and influence of domestic journals of mechanics.
5. Brief introduction to the sub-disciplines of mechanics
1) Dynamics and control
Dynamics and control is a sub-discipline of mechanics. It deals with the dynamic characteristics of a system, the relations between dynamic behaviors and excitations of a system, and their adjustments as well. The main research areas of the sub-discipline include the general principles of dynamics in nature and engineering, system modeling, and theories and methods of analysis, design and control, etc. This sub-discipline studies the motion forms, and the variation laws and their control strategies with time in high-dimensional, non-linear, non-smooth, uncertain, multifield coupling and complex networks etc. from the dynamic perspective, revealing the relations between excitations and system responses. It can purposefully adjust the motion form and dynamic characteristics of a system, and provide theoretical methods and analysis tools for understanding natural phenomena and engineering analysis and design.
2) Solid mechanics
Solid mechanics is a sub-discipline of mechanics, dealing with the force, deformation, destruction, and related changes and effects of solid media and structural systems. As the largest sub-discipline of mechanics, solid mechanics occupies an important position in the evolution of human civilization. The deformation and destruction of solids are associated with almost all aspects of human activities, especially various structures and equipment in engineering fields, and serious natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and avalanches. Solid matters and their responses to forces are diversified, with obvious non-linear and multi-scale characteristics, such as elasticity, plasticity, creep, fracture and fatigue. Solid mechanics studies the deformation and strength of materials and structures under various loads, and provides theories, methods and means for understanding solid deformation and failure mechanisms, the engineering structure and equipment analysis, and the evaluation of design and service reliability.
3) Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics is a sub-discipline of mechanics, and studies the characteristics, flow states and and flow driven by various forces of fluid media, as well as the laws of mass, momentum and energy transportation. Fluid media widely exist in nature and engineering fields, from the vast nebulae of the universe to the atmosphere that surrounds the Earth, from the endless ocean on the surface of the Earth to the hot magma inside the Earth, and from the blood in animal blood vessels to the oil and gas in industrial pipelines. Due to the complexity of fluid physical properties, flow states and force environments, the problems of fluid mechanics show basic characteristics such as unsteadiness, nonequilibrium, multi-scale, multi-field coupling, and strong non-linearity. The fluid turbulence is one of the unsolved classic problems of natural sciences. Moreover, fluid mechanics has laid the foundation for the development of many engineering fields, such as aerospace, energy and transportation industries.
4) X-mechanics
X-mechanics refers to the modern inter-disciplinary branches of mechanics. Strong inter-disciplinary is a basic characteristic of mechanics. The collision between mechanics and other sciences promotes the development of mechanics in the new era and becomes a new driving force for the progress of mechanics. As the intersection becoming more and more extensive and in-depth, the complexity of the objects of concern has become more and more prominent. As such, a series of new problems and new fields at the frontiers of science has emerged. X-mechanics takes mechanics as the traction and achieves the intersection and integration of multiple disciplines through the multi-medium integration, the multilevel integration, the integration of rigid and flexible bodies, and the integration of objects and intelligence. Meanwhile, mechanics serves as a bridge between science and engineering, connecting basic and applied researches in different fields. The research on X-mechanics shows complex characteristics such as multi-field coupling and spatial-temporal multi-scales. The development of X-mechanics is inseparable from the development of mechanics and gives birth to a series of novel concepts, theories and methods.
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